Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia
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Siemowit IV (Ziemowit IV), also known as Siemowit IV the Younger (pl: Siemowit IV Młodszy; ca. 1353/1356[1] – 21 January 1426[2]), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch, from 1373/74 Duke of Rawa, and after the division of the paternal inheritance betweem him and his brother in 1381, ruler over Rawa, Płock, Sochaczew, Gostynin, Płońsk and Wizna, since 1386 hereditary Polish vassal, since 1388 ruler over Belz, during 1382-1401 he loss Wizna and during 1384-1399 and 1407-1411 he loss Zawkrze, during 1384-1399 he loss Płońsk, taken by the Teutonic Order.
He was the second son of Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia and his first wife Euphemia, daughter of Nicholas II of Opava.
Already during his father's lifetime, Siemowit IV received his own district, Rawa Mazowiecka (ca. 1373/74), and as a the result of the partition of Masovia between him and his older brother Janusz I after the death of their father on 16 June 1381, Siemowit IV finally obtain the totally of his domains: Rawa, Płock, Sochaczew, Gostynin, Płońsk and Wizna
Life
Siemowit IV chosen to be opposed to his older brother Janusz I in the relations with the Polish Kingdom - in particular, when he attempted to obtain the royal crown. One year after the acquisition of his own domains, King Louis of Poland and Hungary died (10 September 1382), and with this emerged the oportunity to place his candidacy to the crown, supported by the Greater Poland and Kujawy nobility (centered around the powerful Bartosz Wezenborg). However, the late King had made arrangements among the Lesser Poland nobility who guaranteed the support to his eldest daughter and heiress Mary and her husband Sigismund of Luxembourg. Without waiting for a favorable settlement, in January 1383, Siemowit IV marched to Greater Poland at the head of his troops, marked the beginning of the Greater Poland Civil War.
Unexpectedly, in Buda the Dowager Queen Elizabeth of Bosnia decided to change the decision of her husband and accepted to reign of her youngest daughter Jadwiga over Poland instead of Mary and Sigismund, who remained rulers of Hungary. This decision caused that several supporters of Siemowit IV hoped that he could married the young Queen (despite the fact that she was already betrothed to William of Habsburg) and in this way, both factions could reconcile and in addition this union with the old Piast dynasty could further legitimized the Angevin rule.
The first step to implement this plan was the formal candidacy of Siemowit IV to the royal crown. To this end, in a meeting of nobles and gentry at Sieradz the Archbishop Bodzanta of Gniezno, one of his leading supporters, proposed Siemowit IV's candidacy to the throne. This proposal quickly gained widespread acceptance, and only thanks to the courageous intervention of the voivode of Kraków John of Tęczyn, who advised them to abstain from any decision until the arrival of Jadwiga, the idea was abandoned. The opposition of Lesser Poland to the candidacy of Siemowit IV was probably associated with the fear of the growing role of Greater Poland under an eventual rule of the Masovian Duke. Another argument against this was the emerging idea of the union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
This events didn't discouraged Siemowit IV, who was determined to obtain the crown, even by force. Probably with the knowledge and consent of Archbishop Bodzanta, he attempted to abduct Jadwiga and marry her, in a desperate act to win the crown. When the Lesser Poland nobility knew of his intentions, they close the gates of Wawel to Bodzanta's men, among them was hidden Siemowit IV. They also warned Jadwiga, who remained at the court of her mother until was secured to travel.
Despite the defeat of his ambitious plans, Siemowit IV continued his efforts to obtain the Polish throne. For this purpose, after burning the property of his political opponents in Książ, he went back to Sieradz, where a part of the local nobility proclaimed him King of Poland. This time, however, the congress lacked of real authority, and for this reason, he delayed his expected coronation, trying to conquer the country by force. After a disastrous campaign and a failed siege to Kalisz (Siemowit IV was able to obtain only Kuyawy), some of his supporters decided to sign an armistice on 29 September 1383.
Better advantage of the ceasefire Polish side that drew the Hungarian troops to the country under the personal command of auxiliary Sigismund of Luxembourg. Bold attack combined Hungarian-Polish forces caused the Siemowit resigned from further fighting, the more that the brother Janusz then eventually opted for the recognition of succession Hedwig.
The defeat of Siemowit IV reduced considerably the amount of his supporters. Consequently, and after a final rejection in October 1384 from the powerful Lesser Poland nobility to a marriage with Jadwiga, the Masovian Duke adopted a different tactic: if was completely discarted to him obtain the crown, he decided to win all the territory possible.
This time the fight took place successfully for Siemowit IV: by the end of 1384 he could conquer Łęczyca. However, he soon realized that, given the power of the Polish-Lithuanian union (confirmed in the Union of Krewo), his forces are too small. Finally, he decided to made peace negociations with Jadwiga, who ended successfully on 12 December 1385 with the sign of a treaty, under which Siemowit IV returned all the lands taken by him in exchange for the sum of 10,000 silver marks, and most important, he relinquised all his claims to the Polish crown and paid homage to the Queen Jadwiga and her new husband and King, Jogaila, from which he received the Duchy of Belz as dowry of Princess Alexandra of Lithuania, Jogaila's sister, who married Siemowit IV as a final gesture of reconciliation between both parties.[3][4][5][6][7]
Siemowit final testimony resignation of his ambitions was to take part in the ceremony of the Prince of baptism, marriage and coronation Jadwiga and Wladyslaw Jagiello in Krakow. After these ceremonies Siemowit submitted his homage to the royal couples. Then the prince went to the royal couple to Vilnius , where he participated in the process of Christianization of Lithuania.
After finally admitting defeat Siemowit its ambitious plans to become the Polish crown and submit their fealty to the Polish king, the political situation deteriorated significantly Mazovia. So far as the ruler of an independent can effectively maneuver between Polish, Lithuanian and Order. Now, as a vassal was clearly seen as an ally of Polish monarch. However, it did not bother trying to persuade the Prince Teutonic Knights to tell a deepening conflict with the Polish on his side. To this end, they gave the money still in need of loans Siemowitowi willingly. Not without profit, because the money the prince received the pledge of land wiski (years 1382-1401), Płońsk (years 1384-1399) and Zawkrze (in the years 1384-1399 and 1407-1411).
In view of the growing friction between the Polish and Teutonic Order Siemowit IV tried to draw the greatest benefit from the proposal to impose mediation. Also, after the outbreak in 1409. great war with the Teutonic Knights Polish prince Plock attitude was not clear - namely, he tried to contact the hostile Poland Sigismund of Luxembourg, together to pressure the warring neighbors to maintain peace. In view of the failure of attempts to compromise Siemowit finally sent its troops into Grunwald , but his participation in the campaign was only symbolic. The fact, try to maintain friendly relations with the Order of the Teutonic Knights provides a refund, even during the campaign, locks acquired by the Poles, and cast him in the lease by King Wladyslaw Jagiello, and repayment of bonds for Zawkrze sum, despite the fact that the room Toruń slowed Duke of Mazovia from this obligation .
Despite the official subordination Poland Siemowit IV tried to pursue an independent foreign policy. This was expressed, inter alia, in frequent contact with the Hungarian king Sigismund, who, wishing to drag Polish vassal to his side gave the prince a rich prebends bishopric in Veszprem and other possessions scattered across Hungary.
Relations with Polish, although temporary frictions caused by too independent policy Siemowit (to perish came accusations Polish coins) formed a fine. Mazowsze unhindered by Polish troops followed in subsequent campaigns of the law, even though their own troops despite the formal obligation to help the prince sent Polish occasionally. As good contacts with Wladyslaw Jagiello Siemowit resulted in the care of the Polish king of the family Duke of Mazovia, which is proved to marry the daughters of Prince accordance with the Polish raison d'etat. With the help of a great career Jagiello church could also start Siemowit son - Alexander .
In domestic politics Siemowit IV principality continued economic restructuring begun another Siemowit III. For this purpose, the existing statutes issued common law, invest in large numbers on the German law of the city and promoted the colonization of the nobility of Mazovia bełskiego under his principality.
After 1420. Siemowit IV from progressive blindness governments increasingly indulged in the district of their adult sons. At the end of his life in 1425. Prince defendant (through Stanislaw Pawlowski ) of the Polish king to the issue of subordination to the duchy crown. This step is not brought Mazovia anything good, and only forced the sons of Prince Siemowit V and Casimir II to humiliating fealty.
Duke Siemowit, being ambitious, was very active in politics of the period and thus needed cash to finance his policies so several times he mortgaged some of his domains to the Teutonic Order, including Wizna, Zawkrze and Płońsk. In order to preserve his independence, albeit having sworn vassalage to the King of Poland, he tried to play his neighbours to his advantage, but was forced to take part in the war of 1409–1410 between Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Order although he was no enemy of the Order. During the Battle of Grunwald he fielded two banners of his own troops under his son Siemovit V, that fought alongside the 'Royal' Poles and Lithuanian troops. His banners had white eagle without a crown on a red filed as their badge according to Banderia apud Grunwald.[8]
Issue
Alexandra bore Siemowit IV 13 children, to wit, 5 sons:
- Casimir II of Masovia
- Trojden II of Masovia
- Władysław I of Płock
- Siemowit V of Masovia
- Alexander of Masovia; who was a diplomat and Bishop of Trento, titular Bishop of Chur, titular Cardinal of Damascus, and Patriarch of Aquileia.
And 8 daughters:
- Euphemia of Masovia
- Cymburgis of Masovia
- Jadwiga of Masovia
- Amelia of Masovia; married William II, Margrave of Meissen
- Anna of Masovia
- Maria of Masovia; married Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania
- Alexandra of Masovia
- Catherine of Masovia
Alexandra's and Siemowit's daughter Cymburgis married Ernest, Duke of Austria in 1412. The wedding took place in Buda (German: Ofen), at the residence of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. At the time the emperor mediated negotiations between Alexandra's brother Władysław II Jagiełło and the Teutonic Knights.[9] Two other daughters married Michael Žygimantaitis, pretender to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[10] Grandchildren of Alexandra and Siemowit IV included Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Przemyslaus II, Duke of Cieszyn, Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania and Dorothy Garai, queen of Bosnia.
References
- ^ Kazimierz Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów mazowieckich. Poznań - Wrocław 1998, p. 87-88.
- ^ Kazimierz Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów mazowieckich. Poznań - Wrocław 1998, p. 88-89.
- ^ Grzegorz Rąkowski: Przewodnik krajoznawczo-historyczny po Ukrainie Zachodniej: Ziemia lwowska, Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz", 2007.
- ^ Paul R. Magocsi: The roots of Ukrainian nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont, University of Toronto Press, 2002.
- ^ Władysław Smoleński: Szkice z dziejów szlachty mazowieckiej, 1908, Google Print, p. 129. (public domain)
- ^ Ziemowit IV entry in: S. Orgelbranda encyklopedja powszechna, Vol. 28, Wydawn. Towarzystwa Akcyjnego odlewni czcionek i drukarni S. Orgelbranda synów, Google Print, 577-578. (public domain).
- ^ Antoni Porchaska: Hołdy Mazowieckie 1386-1430, Nakł. Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności; skł. gł. w księg. G. Gebethnera, 1905, Google Print, p. 4. (public domain).
- ^ Andrzej Klein, Nikolas Sekunda, Konrad A. Czernielewski: Banderia Apud Grunwald. Łódź 2000, p. 58-59.
- ^ Urban, William (2003). Tannenberg and After. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 191. ISBN 0-929700-25-2.
- ^ Template:Lt icon Vaclovas Biržiška, ed. (1933–1944). "Aleksandra". Lietuviškoji enciklopedija. Vol. I. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. p. 219.