Pope Leo I and Walt Minnick: Difference between pages
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox Congressional Candidate |
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| image = Replace this image male.svg <!-- Only freely-licensed images may be used to depict living people. See [[WP:NONFREE]]. --> |
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| English name= Saint Leo I |
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| image_size = 150px | |
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| image=[[Image:Leoattila-Raphael.jpg|thumb|600px]] |
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| caption = |
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| birth_name=Leo| |
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| name = Walt Minnick |
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| term_start=[[September 29]], [[440]]| |
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| state = Illinois |
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| term_end=[[November 10]], [[461]]| |
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| nominee = U.S. Representative for Idaho, [[Idaho's 1st congressional district|1st District]] |
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| predecessor=[[Pope Sixtus III|Sixtus III]]| |
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| opponent = [[Bill Sali]] (R) |
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| successor=[[Pope Hilarius|Hilarius]]| |
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| incumbent = [[Bill Sali]] |
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| birth_date=400 | |
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| |
| election_date = [[November 4]], [[2008]] |
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| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |
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| dead=dead| |
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| |
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|9|20}} |
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| |
| birth_place = [[Walla Walla, Washington]] |
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| death_date = |
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| other=Leo |
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| death_place = |
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| veneration=[[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Catholic Church]]es, [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Anglican Church]]|}} |
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| residence = [[Boise, Idaho]] |
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{{infobox popestyles| |
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| nationality = [[United States|American]] |
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papal name=Pope Leo I| |
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| alma_mater = [[Whitman College]] (B.A., 1964), [[Harvard University]] (M.B.A., 1966, J.D., 1969) |
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dipstyle=His Holiness| |
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| occupation = attorney, businessman, former [[Richard M. Nixon|Nixon Administration]] staff member |
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offstyle=Your Holiness| |
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| spouse = A. K. Lienhart-Minnick |
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relstyle=Holy Father| |
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| religion = [[Unitarian Universalist Association|Unitarian]] |
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deathstyle=[[Saint]]|}} |
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| website = [http://www.waltforcongress.org/ www.waltforcongress.org] |
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'''Pope Saint Leo I''' or '''Pope Saint Leo the Great''' was [[Pope]] from [[September 29]], [[440]] to [[November 10]], [[461]]. |
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}} |
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'''Walter C. 'Walt' Minnick''' (born [[September 20]], [[1942]] in [[Walla Walla, Washington|Walla Walla]], [[Washington]]) is a businessman and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician from [[Boise]], [[Idaho]]. Minnick is the 2008 Democratic nominee for [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[Idaho's 1st congressional district]]<ref name="running">[http://www.klewtv.com/news/local/11325586.html Minnick brings out a heavy hitter] Greg Meyer, ''KLEW-TV'', Nov 14, 2007, accessed [[6 January]] [[2008]]</ref>. He is running against [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] incumbent [[Bill Sali]]. |
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He was an Italian [[aristocrat]] and the first Pope of the Italian Catholic Church to receive the title "the Great" {{Fact|date=August 2007}}. He is perhaps best known for having met [[Attila the Hun]] outside [[Italy]] in 452 in an attempt to persuade the king not to sack the city. He is also a [[Doctor of the Church]], and a leading figure in the centralization of the organization of the Roman Catholic Church. |
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Minnick is a graduate of [[Whitman College]]. He also holds an [[MBA]] (1966) and [[JD]] (1969) from [[Harvard University]]. He served as a staff assistant to President [[Richard Nixon]] on the White House Domestic Council from 1971 to 1972 and then as a deputy assistant director for the [[Office of Management and Budget]] from 1972 to 1973. He was also involved in the creation of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]]. Minnick is a former CEO of TJ International and has served on the board of directors of several corporations and non-profit organizations. He is currently the chairman and CEO of SummerWinds Garden Centers, Inc. in Boise<ref name="bio">[http://www.waltforcongress.org/index.php/walt2008/walt/ Walt Minnick Biography] ''Walt Mennick for Congress'', accessed [[6 January]] [[2008]]</ref>. |
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==Early life== |
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According to the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'' he was a native of [[Tuscany]]. By 431, as a [[deacon]], he occupied a sufficiently important position for [[Cyril of Alexandria]] to apply to him in order that Rome's influence should be thrown against the claims of [[Juvenal of Jerusalem]] to patriarchal jurisdiction over [[Palestine]] -- unless this letter is addressed rather to [[Pope Celestine I]]. About the same time [[John Cassian]] dedicated to him the treatise against [[Nestorius]] written at his request. But nothing shows more plainly the confidence felt in him than his being chosen by the emperor to settle the dispute between [[Flavius Aëtius|Aëtius]] and [[Albinus]], the two highest officials in [[Gaul]]. |
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==U.S. Congress== |
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During his absence on this mission, [[Pope Sixtus III]] died ([[August 11]], [[440]]), and Leo was unanimously elected by the people to succeed him. On [[September 29]] he entered upon a pontificate which was to be epoch-making for the centralization of the government of the Roman |
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Minnick was the 1996 Democratic nominee for [[United States Senate]] in Idaho. He was defeated by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] incumbent, [[Larry Craig]]<ref name="election">[http://www.sos.idaho.gov/elect/rsltgn96.htm Idaho General Election Results] ''Office of the Secretary of State'', November 5, 1996, accessed [[6 January]] [[2008]]</ref>. |
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Church. |
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Minnick ran unopposed in the May 27, 2008, Democratic primary in the Idaho 1st Congressional District. An expected primary challenge by 2006 nominee [[Larry Grant]] was averted when Grant withdrew from the race and endorsed Minnick the previous month. |
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==Zeal for Chalcedonian Christology== |
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{{Cleanup-section|date=July 2007}} |
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An uncompromising foe of heresy, Leo found that in the diocese of [[Aquileia]], [[Pelagianism|Pelagians]] were received into church communion without formal repudiation of their errors; he wrote to rebuke them, making accusations of culpable negligence, and required a solemn [[abjuration]] before a [[synod]]. |
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[[Manicheism|Manicheans]] fleeing before the [[Vandals]] had come to Rome in 439 and secretly organized there; Leo learned of this around 443, and proceeded against them by holding a public debate with their representatives, burning their books, and warning the Roman Christians against them. His efforts led to the edict of [[Valentinian III]] against them ([[June 19]], [[445]]). |
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Nor was his attitude less decided against the [[Priscillian]]ists. Bishop [[Turrubius of Astorga]], astonished at the spread of this sect in [[Spain]], had addressed the other Spanish bishops on the subject, sending a copy of his letter to Leo, who took the opportunity to exercise Roman policy in Spain. He wrote an extended treatise ([[July 21]], [[447]]) against the sect, examining its false teaching in detail, and calling for a Spanish general council to investigate whether it had any adherents in the episcopate -- but this was prevented by the political circumstances of Spain. |
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In 445, Leo disputed with [[Dioscorus of Alexandria|Pope Dioscorus]], St. [[Cyril]]'s successor as [[Pope of Alexandria]], insisting that the ecclesiastical practise of his see should follow that of Rome; since [[Mark the Evangelist|Mark]], the disciple of [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and founder of the Alexandrian Church, could have had no other tradition than that of the prince of the apostles. This, of course, was not the position of the [[Copts]], who saw the ancient patraiarchates as equals. |
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The fact that the African province of [[Mauretania Caesariensis]] had been preserved to the empire and thus to the [[Nicene Creed|Nicene]] faith in the [[Vandal]] invasion, and in its isolation was disposed to rest on outside support, gave Leo an opportunity to assert his authority there, which he did decisively in regard to a number of questions of discipline. |
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In a letter to the bishops of [[Campania]], [[Picenum]], and Tuscany (443) he required the observance of all his precepts and those of his predecessors; and he sharply rebuked the bishops of [[Sicily]] (447) for their deviation from the Roman custom as to the time of [[baptism]], requiring them to send delegates to the Roman synod to learn the proper practice. |
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Because of the earlier line of division between the western and eastern parts of the [[Roman Empire]], [[Illyria]] was ecclesiastically subject to Rome. [[Pope Innocent I]] had constituted the [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of [[Thessalonica]] his [[vicar]], in order to oppose the growing influence of the [[patriarch of Constantinople]] in the area. In a letter of about 446 to a successor Bishop of Thessalonica, Anastasius, Leo reproached him for the way he had treated one of the metropolitan bishops subject to him; after giving various instructions about the functions entrusted to Anastasius and stressing that certain powers were reserved to the Pope himself, Leo wrote: "The care of the universal Church should converge towards Peter's one seat, and nothing anywhere should be separated from its Head."<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3604014.htm Letter XIV]</ref> |
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In 451 at the [[Council of Chalcedon]], after Leo's [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.vii.html Tome] on the two natures of Christ was read out, the bishops participating in the Council cried out: "This is the faith of the fathers ... [[Saint Peter|Peter]] has spoken thus through Leo ..."<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.viii.html Extract from the Acts of the Council]</ref> |
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==Roman Authority in Gaul== |
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Not without serious opposition did he succeed in asserting his authority over Gaul. [[Patroclus of Arles]] (d. 426) had received from Pope [[Zosimus]] the recognition of a [[primacy]] over the Gallican Church which was strongly asserted by his successor [[Pope Hilarius|Hilary]]. An appeal from [[Celidonius of Besançon]] gave Leo occasion to proceed against Hilary, who defended himself stoutly at Rome, refusing to recognize Leo's judicial status. But Leo restored Celidonius and restricted Hilary to his own diocese, depriving him even of his metropolitan rights over the [[province of Vienne]]. |
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Feeling that his dominant idea of the Roman universal monarchy was threatened, Leo appealed to the civil power for support, and obtained from [[Valentinian III]] the famous decree of [[June 6]], [[445]], which recognized the primacy of the bishop of Rome based on the merits of Peter, the dignity of the city, and the [[Nicene Creed]] (in their interpolated form); ordained that any opposition to his rulings, which were to have the force of law, should be treated as treason; and provided for the forcible extradition by provincial governors of anyone who refused to answer a summons to Rome. Hilary made his submission, although under his successor, [[Ravennius]], Leo divided the metropolitan rights between Arles and Vienne (450). |
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A favorable occasion for extending the authority of Rome in the East was offered in the renewal of the [[Christology|Christological]] controversy by [[Eutyches]], who in the beginning of the conflict appealed to Leo and took refuge with him on his condemnation by [[Flavian]]. But on receiving full information from Flavian, Leo took his side decisively. |
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==The ''Tome''== |
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At the [[Second Council of Ephesus]], Leo's representatives delivered his famous ''Tome'' (Latin text, a letter), or statement of the faith of the Roman Church in the form of a letter addressed to [[Flavian]], which repeats, in close adherence to [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], the formulas of western [[Christology]], without really touching the problem that was agitating the East. The council did not read the letter, and paid no attention to the protests of Leo's legates, but deposed Flavian and Eusebius, who appealed to Rome. |
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Leo demanded of the emperor that an [[ecumenical]] council should be held in Italy, and in the meantime, at a Roman synod in October, 449, repudiated all the decisions of the "Robber Synod." Without going into a critical examination of its dogmatic decrees, in his letters to the emperor and others he demanded the deposition of [[Eutyches]] as a [[Manichean]] and [[Docetic]] heretic. |
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With the death of [[Theodosius II]] in 450 and the sudden change in the Eastern situation, [[Anatolius]], the new patriarch of Constantinople fulfilled Leo's requirements, and his ''Tome'' was everywhere read and recognized. |
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He was now no longer desirous of having a council, especially since it would not be held in Italy. It was called to meet at Nicaea, then transferred to [[Chalcedon]], where his legates held at least an honorary presidency, and where the bishops recognized him as the interpreter of the voice of Peter and as the head of their body, requesting of him the confirmation of their decrees. He firmly declined to confirm their disciplinary arrangements, which seemed to allow Constantinople a practically equal authority with Rome and regarded the civil importance of a city as a determining factor in its ecclesiastical position; but he strongly supported its dogmatic decrees, especially when, after the accession of the [[Leo I of the Byzantine Empire|Emperor Leo I]] (457) there seemed to be a disposition toward compromise with the Eutychians. He succeeded in having an imperial patriarch, and not the [[Oriental Orthodox]] [[Pope Timothy II of Alexandria|Pope Timotheus Aelurus]], chosen as [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria]] on the murder of [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria|Greek Patriarch]] [[Proterius of Alexandria]]. |
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[[Image:Leoattila-Raphael.jpg|thumb|275px|right|[[Raffaello Santi|Raphael]]'s ''The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila'' depicts Leo, escorted by [[Saint Peter]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]], meeting with the [[Hun]] king outside Rome]] |
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The approaching collapse of the Western Empire gave Leo a further opportunity to appear as the representative of lawful authority. When [[Attila the Hun|Attila]] invaded [[Italy]] in 452 and threatened Rome, it was Leo who, with two high civil functionaries, went to meet him, and effected his withdrawal. According to [[Prosper of Aquitaine]], he was so impressed by him that he withdrew.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/attila2.html Medieval Sourcebook: Leo I and Attila<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Jordanes]], who represents Leo's contemporary [[Priscus]], gives other grounds. Pragmatic concerns such as the large sum of gold that accompanied Leo, or logistical and strategic concerns, may have been the true reason for Attila's mercy. Attila's army was already quite stretched and full from booty from plunder, the Pope's plea for mercy may well have merely served as an honorable reason to not continuing on and sacking the Roman capitol.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Other sources of Catholic hagiographical information cite that an enormously huge man dressed in priestly robes and armed with a flaming sword, visible only to Attila, threatened him and his army with death during his discourse with Pope Leo, and this prompted Attila to submit to the Pope's request.<ref>[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintl04.htm saintl04.htm<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Unfortunately Leo's intercession could not prevent the [[Sack of Rome (455)|sack of the city]] by the [[Vandals]] in 455, but murder and arson were repressed by his influence. He died probably on [[November 10]], [[461]]. |
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==Leo's significance== |
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The significance of Leo's pontificate lies in the fact of his assertion of the universal jurisdiction of the Roman bishop, which comes out in his letters, and still more in his ninety-six extant orations. This assertion is commonly referred to as the doctrine of [[Petrine supremacy]]. |
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According to him the Church is built upon Peter, in pursuance of the promise of [[Confession of Peter|Matthew 16:16-19]]. Peter participates in everything which is Christ's; what the other apostles have in common with him they have through him. What is true of Peter is true also of his successors. Every other bishop is charged with the care of his own special flock, the Roman with that of the whole Church. Other bishops are only his assistants in this great task. In Leo's eyes the decrees of the [[Council of Chalcedon]] acquired their validity from his confirmation. |
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St. Leo's letters and sermons reflect the many aspects of his career and personality, including his great personal influence for good, and are invaluable historical sources. His rhythmic prose style, called cursus leonicus, influenced ecclesiastical language for centuries |
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The [[Roman Catholic]] and many [[Anglican]] churches mark [[November 10]] as the feast day of Saint Leo (formerly [[April 11]]), while the [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches mark [[February 18]] as his feast day. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Idaho's 1st congressional district]] |
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* [[List of 10 longest-reigning popes]] |
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*[[United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho, 2008#District 1]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{portalpar|Saints|Gloriole.svg}} |
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{{wikisource author|Leo I}} |
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==External links== |
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<references/> |
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*[http://www.waltforcongress.org/ Walt Minnick for U.S. Congress] '''official campaign website''' |
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{{CongLinks | congbio = | fec = H8ID01090 | opensecrets = | votesmart = 436 | ontheissuespath = | legistorm = | surge = | govtrack = | findagrave = }} |
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*Louise Ropes Loomis, ''The Book of Popes'' '''(Liber Pontificalis)'''. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8 (Reprint of the 1916 edition. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations). |
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*[http://opensecrets.org/races/summary.asp?ID=ID01&Cycle=2008 Campaign contributions] at [[OpenSecrets.org]] |
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* T. Jalland, ''The Life and Times of St. Leo the Great'', (London, 1941). |
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*[http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Walter_Minnick Profile] from [[Congresspedia]] at [[Sourcewatch]] |
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* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09154b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope St. Leo I] |
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*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/waltminnick/ Walt for Congress] on [[Flickr]] |
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*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Idaho/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Candidates_and_Campaigns/US_House/Congressional_District_1/Walt_Minnick_%5bD%5d}} |
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*[http://www.earlychurchtexts.com/main/leo/tome_of_leo_01.shtml Early Church Texts] The Tome of Leo in Greek and Latin with English translation. |
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* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100553 St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] |
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* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0440-0461-_Leo_I,_Magnus,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes] |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nominee, [[Idaho's 1st congressional district]]|years=[[United States House of Representatives elections, 2008|2008]]}} |
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Revision as of 21:24, 10 October 2008
Walt Minnick | |
|---|---|
| Democratic nominee for U.S. Representative for Idaho, 1st District | |
| Election date November 4, 2008 | |
| Opponent | Bill Sali (R) |
| Incumbent | Bill Sali |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 20, 1942 Walla Walla, Washington |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | A. K. Lienhart-Minnick |
| Residence | Boise, Idaho |
| Alma mater | Whitman College (B.A., 1964), Harvard University (M.B.A., 1966, J.D., 1969) |
| Occupation | attorney, businessman, former Nixon Administration staff member |
| Website | www.waltforcongress.org |
Walter C. 'Walt' Minnick (born September 20, 1942 in Walla Walla, Washington) is a businessman and Democratic politician from Boise, Idaho. Minnick is the 2008 Democratic nominee for U.S. Representative from Idaho's 1st congressional district[1]. He is running against Republican incumbent Bill Sali.
Minnick is a graduate of Whitman College. He also holds an MBA (1966) and JD (1969) from Harvard University. He served as a staff assistant to President Richard Nixon on the White House Domestic Council from 1971 to 1972 and then as a deputy assistant director for the Office of Management and Budget from 1972 to 1973. He was also involved in the creation of the Drug Enforcement Administration. Minnick is a former CEO of TJ International and has served on the board of directors of several corporations and non-profit organizations. He is currently the chairman and CEO of SummerWinds Garden Centers, Inc. in Boise[2].
U.S. Congress
Minnick was the 1996 Democratic nominee for United States Senate in Idaho. He was defeated by the Republican incumbent, Larry Craig[3].
Minnick ran unopposed in the May 27, 2008, Democratic primary in the Idaho 1st Congressional District. An expected primary challenge by 2006 nominee Larry Grant was averted when Grant withdrew from the race and endorsed Minnick the previous month.
See also
- Idaho's 1st congressional district
- United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho, 2008#District 1
References
- ^ Minnick brings out a heavy hitter Greg Meyer, KLEW-TV, Nov 14, 2007, accessed 6 January 2008
- ^ Walt Minnick Biography Walt Mennick for Congress, accessed 6 January 2008
- ^ Idaho General Election Results Office of the Secretary of State, November 5, 1996, accessed 6 January 2008
External links
- Walt Minnick for U.S. Congress official campaign website
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Profile at Vote Smart
- Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
- Profile from Congresspedia at Sourcewatch
- Walt for Congress on Flickr
- Walt Minnick at Curlie
 | This article about an Idaho politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |