Boophone: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Boophone disticha.jpg
| image = Boophone disticha.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption = Inflorescence of ''Boophone disticha''
| image_caption = Inflorescence of ''Boophone disticha''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Boophone
| taxon = Boophone
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]<ref>Appendix: 18 (1821).</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]<ref>Appendix: 18 (1821).</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = [[#Species|See text]].
| subdivision = [[#Species|See text]]
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
*''Buphane'' [[Herb.]]
*''Buphane'' Herb.
*''Boophane'' [[Herb.]]
*''Boophane'' Herb.
}}
}}


[[File:Boophone disticha02.jpg|thumb|<center>''Boophone disticha'' flowerhead with caterpillars of the [[Noctuid]] moth ''Diaphone eumela'']]
[[File:Boophone disticha02.jpg|thumb|{{center|''Boophone disticha'' flowerhead with caterpillars of the [[Noctuid]] moth ''[[Diaphone eumela]]''}}]]
'''''Boophone''''' is a small [[genus]] of [[herbaceous]], [[perennial]] and [[bulb|bulbous plants]] in the Amaryllis family ([[Amaryllidaceae]], subfamily [[Amaryllidoideae]].<ref>{{Cite web | last=Stevens | first=P.F. | title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae | url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#AllAma | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref>) It consists of two confirmed [[species]] distributed across South Africa to Kenya and Uganda. It is closely related to ''[[Crossyne]]'', a genus whose species have prostrate [[leaves]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Vigneron|first= P.|title=Boophone |url= http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Boophone/index.htm|publisher=Amaryllidaceae organization|year=2000–2006 }}</ref> They are drought tolerant but not cold-hardy, and are very poisonous to livestock.
'''''Boophone''''' is a small [[genus]] of [[herbaceous]], [[perennial]] and [[bulb|bulbous plants]] in the Amaryllis family ([[Amaryllidaceae]], subfamily [[Amaryllidoideae]].<ref>{{Cite web | last=Stevens | first=P.F. | title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae | url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#AllAma }}</ref>) It consists of two confirmed [[species]] distributed across South Africa to Kenya and Uganda. It is closely related to ''[[Crossyne]]'', a genus whose species have prostrate [[leaves]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vigneron|first=P.|title=Boophone|url=http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Boophone/index.htm|publisher=Amaryllidaceae organization|year=2000–2006|access-date=2009-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716034508/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Boophone/index.htm|archive-date=2009-07-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are drought tolerant but not cold-hardy, and are very poisonous to livestock.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Distribution
! Flowers !! Plant !! Scientific name !! Distribution
|-
|-
|[[File:Boophone disticha, c, Schanskop.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Boophone disticha]]'' ([[L.f.]]) <ref>[[Herb.]] Bot. Mag. 52: t. 2578 (1825)</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}|| From [[Sudan]] to [[South Africa]]
|[[File:Boophone disticha, c, Schanskop.jpg|120px]]||[[File:Boophane disticha (Amaryllidaceae) (26458138633).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Boophone disticha]]'' ([[L.f.]]) <ref>[[Herb.]] Bot. Mag. 52: t. 2578 (1825)</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}|| From [[Sudan]] to [[South Africa]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Boophone haemanthoides01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Boophone haemanthoides]]'' Leight.<ref>Leighton, Frances Margaret. ''Journal of South African Botany'' 13: 59. 1947. {{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}</ref>|| From [[Namibia]] to the [[Western Cape Province]]
|[[File:Boophone haemanthoides01.jpg|120px]]||[[File:Boophane haemanthoides.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Boophone haemanthoides]]'' Leight.<ref>Leighton, Frances Margaret. ''Journal of South African Botany'' 13: 59. 1947. {{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}</ref>|| From [[Namibia]] to the [[Western Cape Province]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


=== Etymology ===
=== Etymology ===
[[William Herbert (botanist)|William Herbert]] wrote the name of this genus with three different orthographies: "Boophane" in 1821; "Buphane" and "Buphone" in 1825, and he conserved "Boophone" in 1837. Several authors since then speculated about the etymology and associated orthography of each name, but a proposal was published in 2001 to conserve the first name and to take the later ones as synonyms.<ref>{{cite journal | author = R. H. Archer | author2 = R. K. Brummitt | author3 = D. A. Snijman | year = 2001 | title = Proposal to conserve the name ''Boophone'' Herbert with that spelling (Amaryllidaceae) | journal = Taxon | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 569–572 | doi = 10.2307/1223904}}</ref> This proposal was accepted in 2002.<ref>Richard K. Brummitt. 2002. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 53. Taxon, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 795–799.</ref>
[[William Herbert (botanist)|William Herbert]] wrote the name of this genus with three different orthographies: "Boophane" in 1821; "Buphane" and "Buphone" in 1825. This final spelling was corrected to "Boophone" in 1839 by Milne-Redhead. The name was derived from the Greek ''bous'' (an ox) and ''phone'' (death), due to its toxic nature to cattle. A proposal was published in 2001 to conserve the name "Boophone" and to take the earlier ones as synonyms.<ref>{{cite journal | author = R. H. Archer | author2 = R. K. Brummitt | author3 = D. A. Snijman | year = 2001 | title = Proposal to conserve the name ''Boophone'' Herbert with that spelling (Amaryllidaceae) | journal = Taxon | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 569–572 | doi = 10.2307/1223904| jstor = 1223904 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This proposal was accepted in 2002.<ref>Richard K. Brummitt. 2002. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 53. Taxon, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 795–799.</ref>


== Associated insects ==
== Associated insects ==
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==Traditional medicine ==
==Traditional medicine ==


''Boophone disticha'' is used in South African [[traditional medicine]] by the Zulus to induce hallucinations for divinatory purposes, and also for various mental illnesses.<ref name="pmid18775771">{{cite journal
''Boophone disticha'' is used in South African [[traditional medicine]] by the [[Zulu people]] to induce hallucinations for divinatory purposes, and also for various mental illnesses.<ref name="pmid18775771">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Stafford GI, Pedersen ME, van Staden J, Jäger AK
|vauthors=Stafford GI, Pedersen ME, van Staden J, Jäger AK
|title=Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases
|title=Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases
Line 67: Line 68:
|pmid=18775771
|pmid=18775771
|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010
|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010
}}</ref> Its use, however, is limited by injuries that result from the plant's toxicity.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = J. F. Sobiecki | title = A preliminary inventory of plants used for psychoactive purposes in southern African healing traditions | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa | volume = 57 | year = 2002 | pages = 1–24 | doi = 10.1080/00359190209520523}}</ref> They have also been used as ingredients in traditional arrow poisons, and medicinal dressings for skin lesions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://succulent-plant.com/families/amaryllidaceae.html|title=Amaryllidaceae|website=succulent-plant.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>
}}</ref> Its use, however, is limited by injuries that result from the plant's toxicity.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = J. F. Sobiecki | title = A preliminary inventory of plants used for psychoactive purposes in southern African healing traditions | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa | volume = 57 | year = 2002 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 1–24 | doi = 10.1080/00359190209520523| s2cid = 40983799 }}</ref> They have also been used as ingredients in traditional arrow poisons, and medicinal dressings for skin lesions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://succulent-plant.com/families/amaryllidaceae.html|title=Amaryllidaceae|website=succulent-plant.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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|pmid=15814274
|pmid=15814274
|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.037
|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.037
}}</ref><ref name="">{{cite journal
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|vauthors=Neergaard J, Andersen J, Pedersen ME, Stafford GI, van Staden J, Jäger AK
|vauthors=Neergaard J, Andersen J, Pedersen ME, Stafford GI, van Staden J, Jäger AK
|title=Alkaloids from ''Boophone disticha'' with affinity to the serotonin transporter
|title=Alkaloids from ''Boophone disticha'' with affinity to the serotonin transporter
Line 90: Line 91:
|pmid=
|pmid=
|doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2009.02.173
|doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2009.02.173
|doi-access=free
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]
[[Category:Zulu culture]]
[[Category:Zulu culture]]

Latest revision as of 22:38, 14 January 2024

Boophone
Inflorescence of Boophone disticha
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Tribe: Amaryllideae
Subtribe: Boophoninae
Genus: Boophone
Herb.[1][full citation needed]
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Buphane Herb.
  • Boophane Herb.
Boophone disticha flowerhead with caterpillars of the Noctuid moth Diaphone eumela

Boophone is a small genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.[2]) It consists of two confirmed species distributed across South Africa to Kenya and Uganda. It is closely related to Crossyne, a genus whose species have prostrate leaves.[3] They are drought tolerant but not cold-hardy, and are very poisonous to livestock.

Taxonomy[edit]

Boophone is the single genus in subtribe Boophoninae, in the Amaryllideae tribe.

Phylogeny[edit]

Boophoninae are placed within Amaryllideae as follows, based on their phylogenetic relationship:[citation needed]

Tribe Amaryllideae

Subtribe Amaryllidinae

Subtribe Boophoninae

Subtribe Strumariinae

Subtribe Crininae

Species[edit]

The list of Boophone species, with their complete scientific name, authority, and geographic distribution is given below.[4]

Flowers Plant Scientific name Distribution
Boophone disticha (L.f.) [5][full citation needed] From Sudan to South Africa
Boophone haemanthoides Leight.[6] From Namibia to the Western Cape Province

Etymology[edit]

William Herbert wrote the name of this genus with three different orthographies: "Boophane" in 1821; "Buphane" and "Buphone" in 1825. This final spelling was corrected to "Boophone" in 1839 by Milne-Redhead. The name was derived from the Greek bous (an ox) and phone (death), due to its toxic nature to cattle. A proposal was published in 2001 to conserve the name "Boophone" and to take the earlier ones as synonyms.[7] This proposal was accepted in 2002.[8]

Associated insects[edit]

Larvae of the moth genera Brithys and Diaphone use Boophone as a food plant.

Traditional medicine[edit]

Boophone disticha is used in South African traditional medicine by the Zulu people to induce hallucinations for divinatory purposes, and also for various mental illnesses.[9] Its use, however, is limited by injuries that result from the plant's toxicity.[10] They have also been used as ingredients in traditional arrow poisons, and medicinal dressings for skin lesions.[11]

Chemistry[edit]

A variety of alkaloids with affinity for the serotonin transporter have been isolated from Boophone disticha.[12][13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Appendix: 18 (1821).
  2. ^ Stevens, P.F. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae".
  3. ^ Vigneron, P. (2000–2006). "Boophone". Amaryllidaceae organization. Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  4. ^ Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. World Checklist of Monocotyledons: Boophone . Accessed May 16, 2009.
  5. ^ Herb. Bot. Mag. 52: t. 2578 (1825)
  6. ^ Leighton, Frances Margaret. Journal of South African Botany 13: 59. 1947. [full citation needed]
  7. ^ R. H. Archer; R. K. Brummitt; D. A. Snijman (2001). "Proposal to conserve the name Boophone Herbert with that spelling (Amaryllidaceae)". Taxon. 50 (2): 569–572. doi:10.2307/1223904. JSTOR 1223904.
  8. ^ Richard K. Brummitt. 2002. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 53. Taxon, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 795–799.
  9. ^ Stafford GI, Pedersen ME, van Staden J, Jäger AK (2008). "Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 119 (3): 513–37. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010. PMID 18775771.
  10. ^ J. F. Sobiecki (2002). "A preliminary inventory of plants used for psychoactive purposes in southern African healing traditions". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 57 (1–2): 1–24. doi:10.1080/00359190209520523. S2CID 40983799.
  11. ^ "Amaryllidaceae". succulent-plant.com. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  12. ^ Sandager M, Nielsen ND, Stafford GI, van Staden J, Jäger AK (2005). "Alkaloids from Boophane disticha with affinity to the serotonin transporter in rat brain". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 98 (3): 367–70. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.037. PMID 15814274.
  13. ^ Neergaard J, Andersen J, Pedersen ME, Stafford GI, van Staden J, Jäger AK (2009). "Alkaloids from Boophone disticha with affinity to the serotonin transporter". South African Journal of Botany. 72 (2): 371–4. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2009.02.173.
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