Boophone disticha
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Boophone disticha in Mozambique |
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| ( Lf ) Herb. |
Boophone disticha , rarely called fan lily or fan onion , is a species of plant in the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae).
features
Boophone disticha grow as perennial, deciduous herbaceous plants . This tuberous plant, a geophyte, forms a relatively large egg-shaped bulb with a diameter of 15 to 22 cm or more and weighs over 1 kg as a perennial organ, of which more or less large portions are above ground. The large, very poisonous onion is wrapped in a very complex skin with hundreds of paper tunics .
The 12–24 basic, two-line ; Riding and upright, conspicuously fan-shaped in two opposite rows, sometimes wavy and twisted, linear and round-tipped to rounded, blue-green, smooth and leathery leaves are up to 50–60 cm long and up to 4–5 cm wide, they usually only appear after the anthesis (hysterantic). The leaves are changed once a year.
The up to 10 cm long, light green stalked, fragrant flowers are on a 25 cm long, thick, smooth and light green shaft in a spherical, dold-like inflorescence with up to 50-100 or more flowers. Initially there are two larger, triangular bracts (called spathe) on the inflorescence, they are upright or bent back during anthesis and then soon wither.
The six long, narrow, recurved tepals with a short corolla tube protrude in a star shape and are reddish to pink in color. The six stamens with reddish to whitish filaments and whitish, medifix, elongated anthers are long and protruding. After flowering, the pedicels lengthen strongly up to 20-30 cm and stiffen, the capsule fruits are then formed and the petals then fall off. The ovary is subordinate with a long, reddish style with a small, whitish and heady stigma.
Mostly three-seeded, light-brownish up to 4 cm large, triangular, inverted-cone-shaped capsule fruits, to which stamens and the style are often still attached, with roundish, light greenish seeds up to 1 cm in size are formed.
Occasionally the entire fruit associations are torn off by the wind at the end of the shaft when the seeds are ripe, they roll through the grassland and spread the seeds (steppe roller). The Boers always called the wind runners of this amaryllis plant chasing across the steppe “horse ghost” because the horses shied away from them.
Occurrence
Boophone disticha is common in the open grasslands in southern Africa from South Africa to north in southern Sudan.
Taxonomy
The first description was made by Carl von Linné the Younger in 1781 under Amaryllis disticha in Suppl. Pl. 195. William Herbert published the plant in 1821 under Boophane disticha in A Treatise on Amaryllideae , in An appendix: General index to the Botanical magazine, Vol. 43-48, p. 18 and then in 1825 in Curtis's bot. mag., Vol. 52, sub. tab. 2578 under Buphane disticha and further under Buphone disticha in the post tab. 2606. The first name Boophane disticha is binding, since it cannot be clarified why the following changes were made.
use
Active ingredients
The main active ingredient in Boophone disticha onion is buphanidrine . There were at least ten more isoquinoline - alkaloids isolated, wherein said total alkaloid content is 0.3%. Among other things Undulatin , Buphanisin , acetyl Nerbowdin , Buphanitin , Buphanidrin, Crinin , Crinamidin and Distichamin isolated.
use
Boophone disticha is one of the most important poisonous plants of southern Africa. The extreme toxicity of the plant has repeatedly led to deaths, on the one hand by murder, on the other hand by suicide or wrong dosages in traditional medicine. Boophone disticha is one of the main suppliers of arrow poisons in South Africa . It is also important in ethnobotanical terms as a hallucinogenic drug and traditional remedy. It is mainly used to treat wounds and reduce inflammation . It is also traditionally used to treat mental illnesses. The peel of the onion was used for mummification by the Khoi-San in southern Africa .
Symptoms
Poisoning manifests itself in drowsiness, restlessness, visual disturbances, unsteady gait and visual hallucinations. Ultimately, coma and death occur. In rabbits it comes after the recording of parts of the onion to restlessness and shortness of breath, associated with dizziness, blurred vision, loss of coordination, dry mouth, and increased heart rate. Blood and water also collect in the lungs and bleeding of the intestinal mucous membranes occurs.
pharmacology
The plant ingredients in Boophone disticha have a neurotoxic and hallucinogenic effect . They are classified as very toxic (Ib). Buphanidrine is a strong pain reliever , as well as a hallucinogen and neurotoxin . The lethal dose for a mouse is 10 mg / kg with one subcutaneous injection. For rabbits the value is 15 mg / kg sc and for a guinea pig 8 mg / kg sc. The effect is presumably based on the influence of several neuroreceptors and ion channels by the alkaloids, which have a cytotoxic and psychoactive effect.
therapy
In addition to the possible induction of vomiting by a doctor, activated charcoal and sodium sulphate should be given. In clinical therapy gastric lavage is carried out, optionally with potassium permanganate , as well as also the application of activated carbon and sodium sulfate. In addition to an electrolyte substitution a done Azidosebehandlung with sodium bicarbonate . If cramps occur, diazepam is administered and atropine is administered . If there is severe poisoning, intubation and oxygen treatment take place .
swell
- Michael Wink, Ben-Erik van Wyk, Coralie Wink: Handbook of poisonous and psychoactive plants . Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8047-2425-9 .
Web links
- Boophone disticha at Poisonplants.com .
- Boophone disticha at Plantzafrica . (engl.)
- Boophone disticha . In: S. Dressler, M. Schmidt, G. Zizka (Eds.): African plants - A Photo Guide. Senckenberg, Frankfurt / Main 2014.
Individual evidence
- ↑ FM Engel: Flora magica. Keysersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1966, p. 247.
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Boophone - data sheet at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on September 18, 2016.
- ^ DG Huttleston: The Spelling of Boophane. In: Taxon. Vol. 9, No. 1, 1960, p. 27, doi : 10.2307 / 1217354 , online (PDF) at iapt-taxon.org, accessed on February 1, 2018.
- ↑ R. Hänsel, K. Keller, H. Rimpler u. a .: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. Volume 4: Drugs A – D , 5th edition, Springer, 1992, ISBN 978-3-642-63468-0 , p. 527.
- ^ WJ du Plooy, L. Swart, GW van Huysteen: Poisoning with Boophane disticha: a forensic case. In: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 20, 2001, p. 277, doi : 10.1191 / 096032701678227749 .
- ↑ JJ Nair, J. Van Staden: Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the South African medicinal plant Boophone disticha (Lf) Herb. (Amaryllidaceae). In: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 151, number 1, 2014, ISSN 1872-7573 , pp. 12-26, doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2013.10.053 , PMID 24211396 .
- ↑ GI Stafford, ME Pedersen, J. van Staden, AK Jäger: Review on plants with CNS effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases. In: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 119, number 3, 2008, ISSN 0378-8741 , pp. 513-537, doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2008.08.010 , PMID 18775771 .
