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[[File:Aqueduct Caños de Carmona Seville.jpg|thumb|right|A section part in Seville of the aqueduct Caños de Carmona (center left).]]
[[File:Aqueduct Caños de Carmona Seville.jpg|thumb|right|A painting depicting a section of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct in Seville (center left)]]
[[File:Caños de Carmona 3.jpg|thumb|right|Section crossing the Tagarete stream, part of the aqueduct Caños de Carmona inside Seville.]]
[[File:Caños de Carmona 3.jpg|thumb|right|Archive photo showing a section of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct crossing the Tagarete river in Seville]]
[[File:A22f223f9a8126558bf31c908e17c023o.jpg|thumb|right|Other section part of the aqueduct Caños de Carmona inside Sevillle.]]
[[File:A22f223f9a8126558bf31c908e17c023o.jpg|thumb|right|A long span of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct, now demolished, inside Sevillle]]
[[File:CanosCarmona2.JPG|thumb|right|One of the three sections that survived of the aqueduct Caños de Carmona.]]
[[File:CanosCarmona2.JPG|thumb|right|One of three sections of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct which survived demolition]]
[[File:Sevilla - March 2011 - 079.jpg|thumb|right|A section that survived of the aqueduct.]]
[[File:Sevilla - March 2011 - 079.jpg|thumb|right|Another section of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct which survived demolition]]
[[File:ImagenCanosCarmona3.JPG|thumb|right|Niche where was an ancient Virgin that was stoned and burned in early-20th century by the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republicans]] (during the Second Spanish Republic), in its place is an azulejo.]]
[[File:ImagenCanosCarmona3.JPG|thumb|right|Niche where was an ancient Virgin that was stoned and burned in early-20th century by the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republicans]] (during the Second Spanish Republic), in its place is an azulejo.]]
The '''Caños de Carmona''' are the remains of an originally [[Roman aqueduct]] which was later rebuilt by the [[Almohad]]s, which it existed in the city of [[Seville]] ([[Spain]]) in full activity until its demolition in 1912.<ref>[http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1911/05/07/012.html Hemeroteca ABC (1911): Informaciones de sevilla:Los caños de Carmona]</ref><ref>[http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1912/02/02/004.html Hemeroteca ABC (1912): Derribo de los caños de carmona]</ref>
The '''Caños de Carmona''' (Pipes of Carmona, {{IPA-es|'kaɲos de kaɾ'mona}}) are the remains of a 17.5 [[kilometre]] long [[Roman aqueduct]], later rebuilt by the [[Almohad]]s, which connected the cities of [[Carmona, Spain]] and [[Seville]], and which was fully operational until its demolition in 1912.<ref>[http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1911/05/07/012.html Hemeroteca ABC (1911): Informaciones de Sevilla: Los caños de Carmona] (Spanish)</ref><ref>[http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1912/02/02/004.html Hemeroteca ABC (1912): Derribo de los caños de Carmona] (Spanish)</ref>


It is primary constructed from bricks, and consisted of approximately 400 arches standing on pillars, with additional upper arcade sections in some places. It is believed to be the only example of this type of Roman construction in Spain.
It was a 17.5&nbsp;km. long aqueduct that began from the town of [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]] and finished in [[Seville]].

The brick was used for construction as the unique material, consisted of approximately 400 arches on pillars in the area was in sight of all, in some places with an upper body also of arcades.


== History ==
== History ==
The aqueduct was constructed approximately between 68 to 65 BC, the same period as the construction of the [[Walls of Seville]] and during [[Julius Caesar]]'s term as [[quaestor]]. It was initially re-built by the [[Almohad]]s between 1171 and 1172 due to its deteriorating state. Additional repairs were made to its pipes and arches in the thirteenth century when the [[War of Grenada]] began.
Data of the time that were built the [[Walls of Seville]], approximately between the years 68 and 65&nbsp;B.&nbsp;C., a date that was as Treasurer of the city [[Julius Caesar]], during the [[Imperial Rome]], confirm it in the surviving sections and the remains found in the explorations in the tunnels or "mines" of Alcalá de Guadaira; being rebuilt for first time by [[Almohad]]s between 1171 and 1172 because of its ruinous state.

Near the 13th century, when starting the Granada War again they made repairs on its pipes and arches.


At the end of the fourteenth century it was renovated again and extended to its greatest length, however the precise location in which it began is unknown as there is some doubt that it actually was Carmona. An 1810 map of Spain and Portugal features an 'old aqueduct' that does indeed connect Carmona to Seville,<ref>[http://www.wdl.org/es/item/1169/view/1/1/ Mapa de España y Portugal, corregido y ampliado según el mapa publicado por D. Tomás López — Biblioteca Digital Mundial] (Spanish)</ref> but it is known to have been supplied by the [[Santa Lucía]] spring in [[Alcalá de Guadaíra]] where the aqueduct travelled underground through tunnels hewn into the rock or constructed from bricks, some of which weighed up to six [[kilogramme]]s. Around 20 access shafts were sunk into this section to allow maintenance workers to enter and exit the channel and ventilation.
At the end of 14th century again was reformed, adding to it new arches that determined the number is known in the present.


The aqueduct then processed up to the [[Puerta de Camona]]—a former city gate which was demolished in [[1868]]—where it disgorged into a great cistern from which the water was distributed to the rest of the city, primarily to the aristocracy, religious institutions, the [[Casa de Pilatos]], the royal orchards, and a few fountains and public baths.
Where beginning today is a mystery, there is doubt that was in the town of [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]] (although in a plane of Spain and Portugal of 1810, contains an "ancient aqueduct" that unites precisely Carmona with Seville,<ref>[http://www.wdl.org/es/item/1169/view/1/1/ Map of Spain and Portugal, corrected and expanded according to the map published by D. Tomás López — World Digital Library]</ref> but is knows that supplied the spring of Santa Lucía, located in the town of [[Alcalá de Guadaira]] where the pipes passing through long underground tunnels and vaults carved into the rock or made of bricks (some of them weighing six [[kg]]), along which had access to the surface to air the driving and allowed to enter and out the workers who kept, counting in this area about twenty accesses, and ended at the [[Puerta de Carmona]] (ancient gate of the walls, torn down in 1868), where there was a large reservoir from which the water is distributed to various parts of the city, being enjoyed primarily by the [[aristocracy]], religious institutions, [[Casa de Pilatos]], Huertas del Rey (Orchards of the King) and [[Alcázar of Seville]] plus some [[fountain]]s and [[public bath]]s.


Three five-arch stretches of the aqueduct survive in Seville:
In a photography of 1927 is noted the blind arches of the first body, three years before its expropriation for the final widening of the street Oriente in connection with the construction of the Puente de la Calzada.
* A single arcade located on Calle Cigüeña;
* A double arcade on Calle Luis Montoto near the junction with Calle Jimenez Aranda; and
* A second single arcade located at the start of Calle Luis Montoto.


With respect to the second arch, this survives today thanks to that in 1911 constituted the closing of the old Orchard [[Alcantarilla de las Madejas]], privately owned, and took the name for being close to the Sewer of las Madejas. Being a private enclosure, the municipal pickaxe not went through this. In 1930 it rose the Puente de la Calzada (bridge), for which the Delegation of Public Works expropriated the owner, Mr. Borrero Blanco, a piece of land in its northern boundary in which were the remains of the aqueduct. In 1930 apparently there was another feeling in local politicians, it was granted a pardon, but not the section that had to be demolished to lift the bridge, and that connected with the first section or arch, part this of the [[Alcantarilla de las Madejas]].
The second span survived thanks to the closure of the Alcantarilla de las Madejas orchard in 1911, which subsequently became privately owned. As this section was located on private land, the demolition team passed it by. During the construction of the Causeway Bridge, the Delegation of Public Works attempted to expropriate a portion of land from its owner, Mr. Borrero Blanco, in which the rest of the aqueduct was located, however it seemed to be a sensitive subject as local politicians granted a reprieve for this order.<ref>[http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1911/05/07/012.html Archive newspaper article from ABC] (Spanish)</ref>


The third span was enclosed by the Puente de la Calzada (Causeway Bridge) railway bridge when it was constructed in 1930, and was uncovered when the bridge was dismantled in 1991.<ref>[http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/sevilla/ Sevilla (Spain) on Roman Aqueducts]</ref>
⚫
Since the late 19th century residents of the Puerta de Carmona and the La Calzada neighborhood complained to the City Hall of the dangerousness of the last section of the Caños, because its arches served as shelter for immigrants, homeless hopeless and criminals. The problems of health and social coexistence, together with the [[ensanche]]s plans of the rounds of the city, made the Consistory consult the Monuments Commission of the central administration. Madrid approved the plan, answering the aqueduct "is vulgar work, without artistic features, devoid of archaeological interest". Nothing helped the defense made by José Gestoso. The demolition began on January 26, 1912 and although it lasted several months, was not complete; in 1959 were torn down the now last demolished sections at be built the neighborhoods of La Candelaria and Los Pajaritos.<ref>[http://jaimepf.blogspot.com/2011/02/los-canos-de-carmona.html "Los Caños de Carmona", jaimepf.blogspot.com]</ref> To date in which proceeded to tear down the aqueduct to make the area of the city "more viable", and the aqueduct was still in perfect working activity until that days.


⚫
Residents of the Puerta de Carmona and La Calzada neighbourhoods had complained to the City Hall since the 19th century of the danger posed by their section of the aqueduct, citing that its arches served as shelter for immigrants, the homeless, and criminals. The issues of health and social cohesion, together with extension plans for the city, led the city government to consult the Monuments Commission of the central administration. Madrid approved the plan, adding that the aqueduct "is vulgar work, without artistic features, devoid of archaeological interest". A petition made by José Gestoso failed to stop its implementation, and demolition began on January 26, 1912. After several months, work had not been completed, and it was not until 1959 that the remaining sections were torn down to construct the neighbourhoods of La Candelaria and Los Pajaritos.<ref>[http://jaimepf.blogspot.com/2011/02/los-canos-de-carmona.html "Los Caños de Carmona", jaimepf.blogspot.com]</ref>
Have only stand three small sections exposed along the road that occupied, then known as Calzada de San Benito (after Calzada de la Cruz del Campo, then Oriente street, and now Luis Montoto street). For conservation was the intervention of the Pontifical Marquis of San José de Serra, Carlos Serra and Pickman, who from his responsibility as a Member of the Commission of Artistic Monuments of the Province, fight in the conservation of ancient Roman remains popularly known as "Caños de Carmona" under the imminent threat of demolition as well, thanks to his artistic sensibility and the position he held at the time, are now preserved these ruins of great value in a central Sevillian avenue for admiration and enjoy of everybody. At present the section of the Caños de Carmona that is in best condition is there because for years was part of the pillars of [[bridge]] of La Calzada, which stood on the street until returned to discover after its demolition in the early 90s of last century.


The aqueduct was still functional right up until it was demolished. The Marquis of San José de Serra, Carlos Serra y Pickman, intervened in his capacity as Member of the Commission of Artistic Monuments of the Province to preserve sections of the monument, and the three remaining sections of the Caños de Carmona were saved from demolition as a result. Somewhat surprisingly, the section of the aqueduct which has best been preserved is the section which was incorporated into the pillars of the Puente de la Calzada.
== Curiosities ==


== Trivia ==
* The date of its first reconstruction by the Almohad caliph [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]] was when he also built the mosque and minaret -[[Giralda]]- the [[Puente de Barcas]] on the [[Guadalquivir|Wad al-Kebir]] river and the [[La Buhaira|Buhaira palace]] with its [[La Buhaira gardens|gardens]] that also supplied water that brought the aqueduct.
* The date of its first reconstruction by the Almohad caliph [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]] was when he also built the mosque and minaret -[[Giralda]]- the [[Puente de Barcas]] on the [[Guadalquivir|Wad al-Kebir]] river and the [[La Buhaira|Buhaira palace]] with its [[La Buhaira gardens|gardens]] that also supplied water that brought the aqueduct.
*At some points its course moved a variable number of flour mills.
*At some points its course moved a variable number of flour mills.
Line 37: Line 37:
* Its length is about 17.51&nbsp;km. Around 12 [[km]] of its shot beginning the section opencast taking advantage of the unevenness of the area to also be provided.
* Its length is about 17.51&nbsp;km. Around 12 [[km]] of its shot beginning the section opencast taking advantage of the unevenness of the area to also be provided.
* It provided a flow rate of about 5000&nbsp;[[m³]] of drinking water per day.
* It provided a flow rate of about 5000&nbsp;[[m³]] of drinking water per day.
*Its demolition lasted several months due its length.
* Its demolition lasted several months due its length.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 51: Line 51:
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Roman aqueducts|state=collapsed}}
{{Roman aqueducts|state=demolished}}
{{Demolished landmarks in Seville}}
{{Demolished landmarks in Seville}}


Revision as of 20:35, 9 April 2017

A painting depicting a section of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct in Seville (center left)
Archive photo showing a section of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct crossing the Tagarete river in Seville
A long span of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct, now demolished, inside Sevillle
One of three sections of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct which survived demolition
Another section of the Caños de Carmona aqueduct which survived demolition
Niche where was an ancient Virgin that was stoned and burned in early-20th century by the Republicans (during the Second Spanish Republic), in its place is an azulejo.

The Caños de Carmona (Pipes of Carmona, Spanish pronunciation: ['kaɲos de kaɾ'mona]) are the remains of a 17.5 kilometre long Roman aqueduct, later rebuilt by the Almohads, which connected the cities of Carmona, Spain and Seville, and which was fully operational until its demolition in 1912.[1][2]

It is primary constructed from bricks, and consisted of approximately 400 arches standing on pillars, with additional upper arcade sections in some places. It is believed to be the only example of this type of Roman construction in Spain.

History

The aqueduct was constructed approximately between 68 to 65 BC, the same period as the construction of the Walls of Seville and during Julius Caesar's term as quaestor. It was initially re-built by the Almohads between 1171 and 1172 due to its deteriorating state. Additional repairs were made to its pipes and arches in the thirteenth century when the War of Grenada began.

At the end of the fourteenth century it was renovated again and extended to its greatest length, however the precise location in which it began is unknown as there is some doubt that it actually was Carmona. An 1810 map of Spain and Portugal features an 'old aqueduct' that does indeed connect Carmona to Seville,[3] but it is known to have been supplied by the Santa Lucía spring in Alcalá de Guadaíra where the aqueduct travelled underground through tunnels hewn into the rock or constructed from bricks, some of which weighed up to six kilogrammes. Around 20 access shafts were sunk into this section to allow maintenance workers to enter and exit the channel and ventilation.

The aqueduct then processed up to the Puerta de Camona—a former city gate which was demolished in 1868—where it disgorged into a great cistern from which the water was distributed to the rest of the city, primarily to the aristocracy, religious institutions, the Casa de Pilatos, the royal orchards, and a few fountains and public baths.

Three five-arch stretches of the aqueduct survive in Seville:

  • A single arcade located on Calle Cigüeña;
  • A double arcade on Calle Luis Montoto near the junction with Calle Jimenez Aranda; and
  • A second single arcade located at the start of Calle Luis Montoto.

The second span survived thanks to the closure of the Alcantarilla de las Madejas orchard in 1911, which subsequently became privately owned. As this section was located on private land, the demolition team passed it by. During the construction of the Causeway Bridge, the Delegation of Public Works attempted to expropriate a portion of land from its owner, Mr. Borrero Blanco, in which the rest of the aqueduct was located, however it seemed to be a sensitive subject as local politicians granted a reprieve for this order.[4]

The third span was enclosed by the Puente de la Calzada (Causeway Bridge) railway bridge when it was constructed in 1930, and was uncovered when the bridge was dismantled in 1991.[5]

Residents of the Puerta de Carmona and La Calzada neighbourhoods had complained to the City Hall since the 19th century of the danger posed by their section of the aqueduct, citing that its arches served as shelter for immigrants, the homeless, and criminals. The issues of health and social cohesion, together with extension plans for the city, led the city government to consult the Monuments Commission of the central administration. Madrid approved the plan, adding that the aqueduct "is vulgar work, without artistic features, devoid of archaeological interest". A petition made by José Gestoso failed to stop its implementation, and demolition began on January 26, 1912. After several months, work had not been completed, and it was not until 1959 that the remaining sections were torn down to construct the neighbourhoods of La Candelaria and Los Pajaritos.[6]

The aqueduct was still functional right up until it was demolished. The Marquis of San José de Serra, Carlos Serra y Pickman, intervened in his capacity as Member of the Commission of Artistic Monuments of the Province to preserve sections of the monument, and the three remaining sections of the Caños de Carmona were saved from demolition as a result. Somewhat surprisingly, the section of the aqueduct which has best been preserved is the section which was incorporated into the pillars of the Puente de la Calzada.

Trivia

  • The date of its first reconstruction by the Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf was when he also built the mosque and minaret -Giralda- the Puente de Barcas on the Wad al-Kebir river and the Buhaira palace with its gardens that also supplied water that brought the aqueduct.
  • At some points its course moved a variable number of flour mills.
  • Its name because the Puerta de Carmona was attached to the Caños de Carmona.
  • After again being discovered after the demolition of the bridge that had buried one of the sections of the arch, also it left visible a sculpture of a Virgin, known as "the virgin of las Madejas" for being in the section known as the Sewer of las Madejas, and it was on a niche protected by a wire mesh. In that niche of one of its arches was venerated for centuries that Virgin of las Madejas, which after being stoned by revolutionaries was transferred in 1869 to the Church of San Roque, where was burned in 1936 (during the Spanish Second Republic).[7] Now only stand as memory a azulejo in its place donated by a religious cofraternity.
  • These were the source of water of most quality of the city to the present time, because the underground galleries that also it formed were supplied water collected by filtration.
  • Its length is about 17.51 km. Around 12 km of its shot beginning the section opencast taking advantage of the unevenness of the area to also be provided.
  • It provided a flow rate of about 5000 m³ of drinking water per day.
  • Its demolition lasted several months due its length.

Gallery

  • Section of Caños de Carmona attached to the Puerta de Carmona
    Section of Caños de Carmona attached to the Puerta de Carmona
  • Caños de Carmona (c. 1860)
    Caños de Carmona (c. 1860)

See also

References

  1. ^ Hemeroteca ABC (1911): Informaciones de Sevilla: Los caños de Carmona (Spanish)
  2. ^ Hemeroteca ABC (1912): Derribo de los caños de Carmona (Spanish)
  3. ^ Mapa de España y Portugal, corregido y ampliado según el mapa publicado por D. Tomás López — Biblioteca Digital Mundial (Spanish)
  4. ^ Archive newspaper article from ABC (Spanish)
  5. ^ Sevilla (Spain) on Roman Aqueducts
  6. ^ "Los Caños de Carmona", jaimepf.blogspot.com
  7. ^ "Los Caños de Carmona – Un monumento olvidado – 156", maratania.wordpress.com

37°23′18″N 5°58′57″W / 37.3883°N 5.9826°W / 37.3883; -5.9826

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