California deermouse: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of rodent}}
<!-- This article was autogenerated by [[User:Polbot]]. -->
{{speciesbox
{{speciesbox
| name = California mouse
| name = California deermouse
| image =California mouse 5 Peromyscus californicus.jpg
| image = California mouse 5 Peromyscus californicus.jpg
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessor=Linzey, A.V.|assessor2=Timm, R.|assessor3=Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.|assessor4=Lacher, T.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=16654/0|title=Peromyscus californicus|downloaded=27 August 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. |author2=Lacher, T. |date=2016 |title=''Peromyscus californicus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T16654A22361553 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16654A22361553.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Peromyscus
| genus = Peromyscus
| species = californicus
| species = californicus
| authority = ([[William Gambel|Gambel]], 1848)
| authority = ([[William Gambel|Gambel]], 1848)
| synonyms = }}
| synonyms =
}}

The '''California mouse''' (''Peromyscus californicus'') is a species of [[rodent]] in the subfamily [[Neotominae]] in the family [[Cricetidae]]. It is the only species in the ''Peromyscus californicus'' species group. It is found in northwestern [[Mexico]] and central to southern [[California]]. It is the largest ''[[Peromyscus]]'' species in the [[United States]].<ref name="Grinnell"/><ref name=r1/>
The '''California deermouse''' or '''California mouse''' ('''''Peromyscus californicus''''') is a species of [[rodent]] in the subfamily [[Neotominae]] in the family [[Cricetidae]]. It is the only species in the ''Peromyscus californicus'' species group. It is found in northwestern [[Mexico]] and central to southern [[California]]. It is the largest ''[[Peromyscus]]'' species in the [[United States]].<ref name="Grinnell"/><ref name=r1/>


While most rodents are [[polygamous]], the California mouse is [[Monogamous pairing in animals|monogamous]] and forms [[pair bond]]s <ref>{{Cite journal|last=CANTONI|first=DEBORA|last2=BROWN|first2=RICHARD E|title=Paternal investment and reproductive success in the California mouse,Peromyscus californicus|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347296905837|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=54|issue=2|pages=377–386|doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0583}}</ref>, making it a [[model organism]] for researchers studying the genetics and neurobiology of partner fidelity<ref name=r2/> and [[paternal care]].
While most rodents are [[Animal sexual behaviour#Polygamy|polygamous]], the California deermouse is [[Monogamous pairing in animals|monogamous]] and forms [[pair bond]]s,<ref name="CANTONI 377–386">{{Cite journal|last1=CANTONI|first1=DEBORA|last2=BROWN|first2=RICHARD E|s2cid=7797715|title=Paternal investment and reproductive success in the California mouse,Peromyscus californicus|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=54|issue=2|pages=377–386|doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0583|pmid=9268470|year=1997}}</ref> making it a [[model organism]] for researchers studying the genetics and neurobiology of partner fidelity<ref name=r2/> and [[paternal care]].


==Description==
==Description==
The California mouse has very large ears, and its tail is longer than the head and body combined. Including the tail, which is about 117 to 156&nbsp;mm long, the mouse ranges in length from 220 to 285&nbsp;mm. The coat is overall brown, mixed with black hairs. This dorsal colour shades to a creamy-white belly colour. The [[Manus (zoology)|manus]] and feet are white.<ref name="Grinnell"/><ref name=r3/><ref name=r4/> Adults are large enough that they can be confused with juvenile ''[[Dusky-footed woodrat|Neotoma fuscipes]]'', a close relative in the subfamily [[Neotominae]]. The dental formula for this species is 1003/1003<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Merritt|first=Joseph F.|date=1978-01-06|title=Peromyscus californicus|url=https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article/doi/10.2307/3503909/2600890|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=85|pages=1–6|doi=10.2307/3503909|issn=0076-3519}}</ref>.
The California deermouse has very large ears, and its tail is longer than the head and body combined. Including the tail, which is about {{Convert|117 to 156|mm|in|abbr=on}} long, the mouse ranges in length from {{Convert|220 to 285|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=614–625 |year=2002|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0614:POSFAT>2.0.CO;2 |last1=Kalcounis-Rüppell |first1=Matina C. |last2=Millar |first2=John S. |title=Partitioning of Space, Food, and Time by Syntopic Peromyscus Boylii and P. Californicus |s2cid=62900746 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The coat is overall orange, mixed with black and brown hairs. This dorsal colour shades to a creamy-white belly colour.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meserve|first=Peter L.|date=1976|title=Food Relationships of a Rodent Fauna in a California Coastal Sage Scrub Community|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1379690|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=57|issue=2|pages=300–319|doi=10.2307/1379690|jstor=1379690|issn=0022-2372}}</ref> The [[Manus (zoology)|manus]] and feet are white.<ref name="Grinnell"/><ref name=r3/><ref name=r4/> Adults are large enough that they can be confused with juvenile ''[[Dusky-footed woodrat|Neotoma fuscipes]]'', a close relative in the subfamily [[Neotominae]]. The dental formula is 1003/1003.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Merritt|first=Joseph F.|date=1978-01-06|title=Peromyscus californicus|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=85|pages=1–6|doi=10.2307/3503909|issn=0076-3519|jstor=3503909|doi-access=free}}</ref>


==Natural history==
==Breeding==
The California mouse is semi[[arboreal]], but tends to nest on the ground, under debris such as fallen logs, and they will also move into ''[[Dusky-footed woodrat|Neotoma fuscipes]]'' nests as seasonal residents<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M'Closkey|first=Robert T.|date=1976-07-01|title=Community Structure in Sympatric Rodents|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1936186/abstract|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=57|issue=4|pages=728–739|doi=10.2307/1936186|issn=1939-9170}}</ref>. Nests are insulated with coarse, dry grasses, weeds, and sticks, and fine grass is used as bedding in the center chamber.<ref name=r5/><ref name="McCabe"/> ''P. californicus'' is more strongly territorial than [[Peromyscus maniculatus|''P. maniculatus'']], with both sexes defending the nest site. Males are also aggressive toward one another; their fighting techniques involve jumping, avoidance, and a characteristic mewing cry.<ref name=r6/> This male aggression often is a trade-off between parental care, for males that spend more time engaging in territorial aggression consequently spend less time providing food for offspring<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trainor|first=Brian C.|last2=Marler|first2=Catherine A.|title=Testosterone, Paternal Behavior, and Aggression in the Monogamous California Mouse (Peromyscus californicus)|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0018506X01916526|journal=Hormones and Behavior|volume=40|issue=1|pages=32–42|doi=10.1006/hbeh.2001.1652}}</ref>.
The California deermouse is semi[[arboreal]], but tends to nest on the ground, under debris such as fallen logs, and they will also move into ''[[Dusky-footed woodrat|Neotoma fuscipes]]'' nests as seasonal residents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M'Closkey|first=Robert T.|date=1976-07-01|title=Community Structure in Sympatric Rodents|journal=Ecology|language=en|volume=57|issue=4|pages=728–739|doi=10.2307/1936186|issn=1939-9170|jstor=1936186}}</ref> Nests are insulated with coarse, dry grasses, weeds, and sticks, and fine grass is used as bedding in the center chamber.<ref name=r5/><ref name="McCabe"/>
⚫
The California mouse forms pair bonds and the males help raise the young.<ref name="CANTONI 377–386"/><ref name="McCabe"/><ref name=r7/><ref name=r8/> A litter usually consists of only two pups, but a pair may produce as many as six litters in a year. Gestation ranges from 21 to 25 days. Weaning occurs when the offspring are five to six weeks of age.<ref name="McCabe"/><ref name="Svihla"/>


[[File:Peromyscus californicus map of distribution in the state of California, United States.jpg|thumb|Map of ''Peromyscus californicus'' distribution in the state of California, United States]]
⚫
The California mouse forms pair bonds and the males help raise the young.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=CANTONI|first=DEBORA|last2=BROWN|first2=RICHARD E|title=Paternal investment and reproductive success in the California mouse,Peromyscus californicus|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347296905837|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=54|issue=2|pages=377–386|doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0583}}</ref><ref name="McCabe"/><ref name=r7/><ref name=r8/> A litter usually consists of only two pups, but a pair may produce as many as six litters in a year. Gestation ranges from 21 to 25 days. Weaning occurs when the offspring are five to six weeks of age.<ref name="McCabe"/><ref name="Svihla"/>


==Behaviour==
⚫
The mouse's diet consists of shrub fruits, seeds, and flowers, such as of ''[[Rhus integrifolia]], [[Lotus scoparius]]'', and ''[[Salvia apiana]]''.<ref name=r9/> They will also consume grasses, [[forbs]], [[fungi]], and [[arthropods]].<ref name=r10/>
''P. californicus'' is more strongly territorial than [[Peromyscus maniculatus|''P. maniculatus'']], with both sexes defending the nest site. Males are also aggressive toward one another; their fighting techniques involve jumping, avoidance, and a characteristic mewing cry.<ref name=r6/> This male aggression often is a trade-off between parental care, for males that spend more time engaging in territorial aggression consequently spend less time providing food for offspring.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Trainor|first1=Brian C.|last2=Marler|first2=Catherine A.|s2cid=1409147|title=Testosterone, Paternal Behavior, and Aggression in the Monogamous California Mouse (Peromyscus californicus)|journal=Hormones and Behavior|volume=40|issue=1|pages=32–42|doi=10.1006/hbeh.2001.1652|pmid=11467882|year=2001}}</ref>
The mouse communicates with other members of its species via [[Ultrasound#Animals|ultrasound]]. The manner in which a male and female communicate changes from a more aggressive style to a more affiliative style during the development of a pair bond, and the characteristics of their vocalizations can be used to predict the stability of the pair bond.<ref name="Pultorak2018">{{cite journal|last1= Pultorak|first1=J. D.|last2= Alger|first2=S. J.|last3= Loria|first3=S. O.|last4= Johnson|first4=A. M.|last5= Marler|first5=C. A.|title= Changes in Behavior and Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Pair Bonding and in Response to an Infidelity Challenge in Monogamous California Mice|journal= Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|volume= 6|year= 2018|doi= 10.3389/fevo.2018.00125|doi-access= free}}</ref> California mice are mostly active at night.<ref name=r11/>


==Diet==
⚫
California mice are mostly active at night.<ref name=r11/> Their main predators are weasels and barn owls.<ref name=r12/><ref name=r13/>
⚫
The mouse's diet consists of shrub fruits, seeds, and flowers, such as of ''[[Rhus integrifolia]], [[Lotus scoparius]]'', and ''[[Salvia apiana]]''.<ref name=r9/> They also consume grasses, [[forbs]], [[fungi]], and [[arthropods]].<ref name=r10/>
==Predators==
⚫
Their main predators are weasels and barn owls.<ref name=r12/><ref name=r13/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Grinnell">{{cite journal|author=Grinnell, J|author2=Orr, RT 1934|last-author-amp=yes |title=Systematic review of the californicus group of the rodent genus Peromyscus|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 15|pages=210–220|doi=10.2307/1373853|year=1934|issue=3}}</ref>
<ref name="Grinnell">{{cite journal|author=Grinnell, J|author2=Orr, RT 1934|name-list-style=amp |title=Systematic review of the californicus group of the rodent genus Peromyscus|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 15|pages=210–220|doi=10.2307/1373853|year=1934|issue=3|jstor=1373853}}</ref>


<ref name=r1>Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. (2005). Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 ''in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.</ref>
<ref name=r1>Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. (2005). Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 ''in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.</ref>


<ref name=r2>{{cite journal|author1=Crossland, J. |author2=Lewandowski, A. |year=2006|url=http://stkctr.biol.sc.edu/Pages%20from%20aalas_tech_talk_2.pdf |title=Peromyscus – A fascinating laboratory animal model|journal= Techtalk|volume= 11|pages=1–2}}</ref>
<ref name=r2>{{cite journal|author1=Crossland, J.|author2=Lewandowski, A.|year=2006|url=http://stkctr.biol.sc.edu/Pages%20from%20aalas_tech_talk_2.pdf|title=Peromyscus – A fascinating laboratory animal model|journal=Techtalk|volume=11|pages=1–2|access-date=2009-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120052440/http://stkctr.biol.sc.edu/Pages%20from%20aalas_tech_talk_2.pdf|archive-date=2008-11-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>


<ref name=r3>{{cite journal|author=Osgood, WH|year= 1908|title= Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus|journal= North Am. Fauna|volume= 28|pages=1–285|url=https://archive.org/details/numbersletterso00peekgoog|doi=10.3996/nafa.28.0001}}</ref>
<ref name=r3>{{cite journal|author=Osgood, WH|year= 1908|title= Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus|journal= North American Fauna|volume= 28|pages=1–285|url=https://archive.org/details/numbersletterso00peekgoog|doi=10.3996/nafa.28.0001|hdl=2027/hvd.32044107348559|hdl-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name=r4>{{cite journal|author=Allen, JA|year= 1896|title= On mammals from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California|journal= Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.|volume= 8|pages=263–270|hdl=2246/752}}</ref>
<ref name=r4>{{cite journal|author=Allen, JA|year= 1896|title= On mammals from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California|journal= Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.|volume= 8|pages=263–270|hdl=2246/752}}</ref>


<ref name=r5>{{cite journal|author=Clark, FH|year= 1936|title= Geotropic behavior on a sloping plane of arboreal and non-arboreal races of mice of the genus Peromyscus|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 17|pages=44–47|doi=10.2307/1374549}}</ref>
<ref name=r5>{{cite journal|author=Clark, FH|year= 1936|title= Geotropic behavior on a sloping plane of arboreal and non-arboreal races of mice of the genus Peromyscus|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 17|issue= 1|pages=44–47|doi=10.2307/1374549|jstor= 1374549}}</ref>


<ref name=r6>{{cite journal|author=Eisenberg, JF|year= 1963|title= The intraspecific social behavior of some Cricetine rodents of the genus Peromyscus|journal= American Midland Naturalist|volume= 69|pages=240–246|doi=10.2307/2422858}}</ref>
<ref name=r6>{{cite journal|author=Eisenberg, JF|year= 1963|title= The intraspecific social behavior of some Cricetine rodents of the genus Peromyscus|journal= American Midland Naturalist|volume= 69|issue= 1|pages=240–246|doi=10.2307/2422858|jstor= 2422858}}</ref>


<ref name="McCabe">McCabe, TT and BD Blanchard. 1950. Three Species of Peromyscus. Rood Associates, Santa Barbara, California.</ref>
<ref name="McCabe">McCabe, TT and BD Blanchard. 1950. Three Species of Peromyscus. Rood Associates, Santa Barbara, California.</ref>


<ref name=r7>Dudley, D. 1973. Paternal behavior in the California mouse (''P. californicus'') (Thesis) University of California.</ref>
<ref name=r7>Dudley, D. 1973. [ Paternal behavior in the California mouse] (''P. californicus'') (Thesis) University of California.</ref>
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091677374904337

<ref name=r8>{{cite journal|author=Eisenberg, JF|year= 1962|title= Studies on the behavior of Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii and Peromyscus californicus parasiticus|journal= Behavior|volume= 19|pages=177–207|doi=10.1163/156853962X00014|issue=3}}</ref>
<ref name=r8>{{cite journal|author=Eisenberg, JF|year= 1962|title= Studies on the behavior of Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii and Peromyscus californicus parasiticus|journal= Behaviour|volume= 19|pages=177–207|doi=10.1163/156853962X00014|issue=3}}</ref>


<ref name="Svihla">{{cite journal|author=Svihla, A|year= 1932|title= A comparative life history study of the mice of the genus Peromyscus|url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/56269/1/MP024.pdf|journal=Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan|volume= 24|pages=1–39}}</ref>
<ref name="Svihla">{{cite journal|author=Svihla, A|year= 1932|title= A comparative life history study of the mice of the genus Peromyscus|url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/56269/1/MP024.pdf|journal=Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan|volume= 24|pages=1–39}}</ref>
Line 51: Line 60:
<ref name=r9>Meserve, PL (1972) Resource and habitat utilization by rodents of the coastal sage scrub community (Thesis) University of California, Irvine.</ref>
<ref name=r9>Meserve, PL (1972) Resource and habitat utilization by rodents of the coastal sage scrub community (Thesis) University of California, Irvine.</ref>


<ref name=r10>{{cite journal|author=Merritt, JF|year= 1974|title= Factors influencing the local distribution of ''Peromyscus californicus'' in northern California|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 55|pages=102–114|doi=10.2307/1379260}}</ref>
<ref name=r10>{{cite journal|author=Merritt, JF|year= 1974|title= Factors influencing the local distribution of ''Peromyscus californicus'' in northern California|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 55|issue= 1|pages=102–114|doi=10.2307/1379260|jstor= 1379260}}</ref>


<ref name=r11>{{cite journal|author=Marten, GG|year= 1973|title= Time patterns of Peromyscus activity and their correlations with weather|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 54|pages=169–188|doi=10.2307/1378878}}</ref>
<ref name=r11>{{cite journal|author=Marten, GG|year= 1973|title= Time patterns of Peromyscus activity and their correlations with weather|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 54|issue= 1|pages=169–188|doi=10.2307/1378878|jstor= 1378878}}</ref>


<ref name=r12>{{cite journal|author=Vestal, EH|year= 1937|title= Activities of a weasel at a woodrat colony|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 18|pages=364 | doi = 10.1093/jmammal/18.3.364 }}</ref>
<ref name=r12>{{cite journal|author=Vestal, EH|year= 1937|title= Activities of a weasel at a woodrat colony|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 18|issue= 3|pages=364 | doi = 10.1093/jmammal/18.3.364 }}</ref>


<ref name=r13>{{cite journal|author=Von Bloeker, JC|year= 1937|title= Mammal remains from detritus of raptorial birds in California|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 18|pages=360–361|doi=10.1093/jmammal/18.3.360 }}</ref>
<ref name=r13>{{cite journal|author=Von Bloeker, JC|year= 1937|title= Mammal remains from detritus of raptorial birds in California|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume= 18|issue= 3|pages=360–361|doi=10.1093/jmammal/18.3.360 }}</ref>


}}
}}

{{Neotominae}}
{{Neotominae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1770327}}
{{taxonbar}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mouse, California}}
[[Category:Peromyscus|California]]
[[Category:Peromyscus]]
[[Category:Rodents of Mexico]]
[[Category:Mammals of Mexico]]
[[Category:Rodents of the United States]]
[[Category:Mammals of the United States]]
[[Category:Rodents of North America]]
[[Category:Fauna of California|California mouse]]
[[Category:Fauna of California|California mouse]]
[[Category:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands|California mouse]]
[[Category:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands|California mouse]]
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[[Category:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains|California mouse]]
[[Category:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains|California mouse]]
[[Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges|California mouse]]
[[Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges|California mouse]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1848]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1848|California mouse]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of California|California mouse]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Gambel|California mouse]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Mexico|California mouse]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Mexico|California mouse]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of the United States|California mouse]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of the United States|California mouse]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of North America|California mouse]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of North America|California mouse]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

Latest revision as of 03:35, 18 April 2024

California deermouse
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Neotominae
Genus: Peromyscus
Species:
P. californicus
Binomial name
Peromyscus californicus
(Gambel, 1848)

The California deermouse or California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) is a species of rodent in the subfamily Neotominae in the family Cricetidae. It is the only species in the Peromyscus californicus species group. It is found in northwestern Mexico and central to southern California. It is the largest Peromyscus species in the United States.[2][3]

While most rodents are polygamous, the California deermouse is monogamous and forms pair bonds,[4] making it a model organism for researchers studying the genetics and neurobiology of partner fidelity[5] and paternal care.

Description[edit]

The California deermouse has very large ears, and its tail is longer than the head and body combined. Including the tail, which is about 117 to 156 mm (4.6 to 6.1 in) long, the mouse ranges in length from 220 to 285 mm (8.7 to 11.2 in).[6] The coat is overall orange, mixed with black and brown hairs. This dorsal colour shades to a creamy-white belly colour.[7] The manus and feet are white.[2][8][9] Adults are large enough that they can be confused with juvenile Neotoma fuscipes, a close relative in the subfamily Neotominae. The dental formula is 1003/1003.[10]

Breeding[edit]

The California deermouse is semiarboreal, but tends to nest on the ground, under debris such as fallen logs, and they will also move into Neotoma fuscipes nests as seasonal residents.[11] Nests are insulated with coarse, dry grasses, weeds, and sticks, and fine grass is used as bedding in the center chamber.[12][13] The California mouse forms pair bonds and the males help raise the young.[4][13][14][15] A litter usually consists of only two pups, but a pair may produce as many as six litters in a year. Gestation ranges from 21 to 25 days. Weaning occurs when the offspring are five to six weeks of age.[13][16]

Map of Peromyscus californicus distribution in the state of California, United States

Behaviour[edit]

P. californicus is more strongly territorial than P. maniculatus, with both sexes defending the nest site. Males are also aggressive toward one another; their fighting techniques involve jumping, avoidance, and a characteristic mewing cry.[17] This male aggression often is a trade-off between parental care, for males that spend more time engaging in territorial aggression consequently spend less time providing food for offspring.[18] The mouse communicates with other members of its species via ultrasound. The manner in which a male and female communicate changes from a more aggressive style to a more affiliative style during the development of a pair bond, and the characteristics of their vocalizations can be used to predict the stability of the pair bond.[19] California mice are mostly active at night.[20]

Diet[edit]

The mouse's diet consists of shrub fruits, seeds, and flowers, such as of Rhus integrifolia, Lotus scoparius, and Salvia apiana.[21] They also consume grasses, forbs, fungi, and arthropods.[22]

Predators[edit]

Their main predators are weasels and barn owls.[23][24]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Lacher, T. (2016). "Peromyscus californicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16654A22361553. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16654A22361553.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Grinnell, J & Orr, RT 1934 (1934). "Systematic review of the californicus group of the rodent genus Peromyscus". Journal of Mammalogy. 15 (3): 210–220. doi:10.2307/1373853. JSTOR 1373853.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. (2005). Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  4. ^ a b CANTONI, DEBORA; BROWN, RICHARD E (1997). "Paternal investment and reproductive success in the California mouse,Peromyscus californicus". Animal Behaviour. 54 (2): 377–386. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0583. PMID 9268470. S2CID 7797715.
  5. ^ Crossland, J.; Lewandowski, A. (2006). "Peromyscus – A fascinating laboratory animal model" (PDF). Techtalk. 11: 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
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  14. ^ Dudley, D. 1973. [ Paternal behavior in the California mouse] (P. californicus) (Thesis) University of California.
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  18. ^ Trainor, Brian C.; Marler, Catherine A. (2001). "Testosterone, Paternal Behavior, and Aggression in the Monogamous California Mouse (Peromyscus californicus)". Hormones and Behavior. 40 (1): 32–42. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1652. PMID 11467882. S2CID 1409147.
  19. ^ Pultorak, J. D.; Alger, S. J.; Loria, S. O.; Johnson, A. M.; Marler, C. A. (2018). "Changes in Behavior and Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Pair Bonding and in Response to an Infidelity Challenge in Monogamous California Mice". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00125.
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