Helianthus porteri: Difference between revisions

Porter's sunflower, also known as Stone Mountain or Confederate daisy
	Helianthus porteri on Stone Mtn.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Genus:	Helianthus
Species:	H. porteri
Binomial name
	Helianthus porteri; (A.Gray) Pruski 1998 not (A.Gray) Heiser 1978 (1978 name not validly published)
Synonyms
	Gymnolomia porteri (A.Gray) A.Gray; Heliomeris porteri (A.Gray) Cockerell; Rudbeckia porteri A.Gray; Viguiera porteri (A.Gray) S.F.Blake;

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Helianthus porteri is a species of sunflower known by the common names Porter's sunflower,^[2] Stone Mountain daisy^[3] and Confederate daisy. The term "daisy" is imprecise because the species is a sunflower (Helianthus) rather than a daisy (Bellis and related genera). Likewise, although the plant grows on Stone Mountain, GA, its range extends well beyond. The connection to the Confederacy is through Stone Mountain which contains a confederate monument, although the connection is tenuous as the species was named before the Civil War in 1849 by Harvard botanist Asa Gray in honor of Thomas Conrad Porter, a Pennsylvanian minister and botanist who collected the plant in Georgia.^[4] Gray initially named the plant Rudbeckia porteri,^[5] later changed to Helianthus in 1998 by John F. Pruski.^[6]

The species is native to the southeastern United States, including Alabama and Georgia, but has been introduced to granite outcrop areas in North Carolina as an aggressive weed.^[7]^[8] Helianthus porteri grows on thin soils on and around flat rock granite and gneiss outcrops.^[9] It is an annual herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall. One plant usually produces 5 or more flower heads, each containing 7 or 8 yellow ray florets surrounding 30 or more yellow disc florets.^[10]^[11]

References[edit]

^ The Plant List, Helianthus porteri (A.Gray) Pruski
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Helianthus porteri". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
^ Scott Ranger's Nature Notes http://scottranger.com/helianthus-porteri-confederate-daisy.html
^ Heller, A. A. (1901). "Thomas Conrad Porter". The Plant World. 4 (7): 130–131. ISSN 0096-8307. JSTOR 43475709.
^ "Rudbeckia porteri in Global Plants on JSTOR". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
^ Pruski, John F. (1998). "Helianthus porteri (A. Gray) Pruski (Compositae), a New Combination Validated for the Confederate Daisy". Castanea. 63 (1): 74–75. ISSN 0008-7475.
^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
^ Weakley AS. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid‐Atlantic states. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. [WWW document] URL http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm Archived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ Scott Ranger's Nature Notes http://scottranger.com/helianthus-porteri-confederate-daisy.html
^ Flora of North America, Helianthus porteri (A. Gray) Pruski, 1998. Confederate daisy
^ Blake, Sydney Fay 1918. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 54: 114–115, as Viguiera porteri

External links[edit]

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[1] The Plant List, Helianthus porteri (A.Gray) Pruski

[2] USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Helianthus porteri". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 6 July 2015.

[3] Scott Ranger's Nature Notes http://scottranger.com/helianthus-porteri-confederate-daisy.html

[4] Heller, A. A. (1901). "Thomas Conrad Porter". The Plant World. 4 (7): 130–131. ISSN 0096-8307. JSTOR 43475709.

[5] "Rudbeckia porteri in Global Plants on JSTOR". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 2022-09-19.

[6] Pruski, John F. (1998). "Helianthus porteri (A. Gray) Pruski (Compositae), a New Combination Validated for the Confederate Daisy". Castanea. 63 (1): 74–75. ISSN 0008-7475.

[7] Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map

[8] Weakley AS. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid‐Atlantic states. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. [WWW document] URL http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm Archived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine

[9] Scott Ranger's Nature Notes http://scottranger.com/helianthus-porteri-confederate-daisy.html

[10] Flora of North America, Helianthus porteri (A. Gray) Pruski, 1998. Confederate daisy

[11] Blake, Sydney Fay 1918. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 54: 114–115, as Viguiera porteri

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of sunflower}}
 {{Italic title}}
+{{Speciesbox
-{{taxobox
-|name = Confederate daisy
+| name = Porter's sunflower, also known as Stone Mountain or Confederate daisy
-|image = Helianthus-porteri-1.jpg
+| image = Helianthus-porteri-1.jpg
-|image_caption = ''Helianthus porteri'' on [[Stone Mountain|Stone Mtn.]]
+| image_caption = ''Helianthus porteri'' on [[Stone Mountain|Stone Mtn.]]
+| genus = Helianthus
-|regnum = [[Plantae]]
+| species = porteri
-|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
+| authority = (A.Gray) Pruski 1998 not (A.Gray) Heiser 1978 (1978 name not validly published)
-|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
+| synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-126051 The Plant List, ''Helianthus porteri'' (A.Gray) Pruski ]</ref>
-|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
+| synonyms = *''Gymnolomia porteri'' <small>(A.Gray) A.Gray</small>
-|ordo = [[Asterales]]
-|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
-|genus = ''[[Helianthus]]''
-|species = '''''H. porteri'''''
-|binomial = ''Helianthus porteri''
-|binomial_authority =(A.Gray) Pruski 1998 not (A.Gray) Heiser 1978 (1978 name not validly published)
-|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-126051 The Plant List, ''Helianthus porteri'' (A.Gray) Pruski ]</ref>
-|synonyms=
-*''Gymnolomia porteri'' <small>(A.Gray) A.Gray</small>
 *''Heliomeris porteri'' <small>(A.Gray) Cockerell</small>
 *''Rudbeckia porteri'' <small>A.Gray</small>
 *''Viguiera porteri'' <small>(A.Gray) S.F.Blake</small>
-|}}
+}}
-'''''Helianthus porteri''''' is a species of [[Helianthus|sunflower]] known by the common names '''Porter's sunflower'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=HEPO3|taxon=Helianthus porteri|accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref>, '''Stone Mountain Daisy'''<ref>Scott Ranger's Nature Notes http://scottranger.com/helianthus-porteri-confederate-daisy.html</ref> and '''Confederate daisy'''. It is native to the southeastern United States, such as [[Alabama]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], but has been introduced to granite outcrop areas in [[North Carolina]] where it is aggressively weedy.<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Helianthus%20porteri.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref> Weakley AS. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid‐Atlantic states. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. [WWW document] URL http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm </ref>
+'''''Helianthus porteri''''' is a species of [[Helianthus|sunflower]] known by the common names '''Porter's sunflower''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=HEPO3|taxon=Helianthus porteri|accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> '''Stone Mountain daisy'''<ref>Scott Ranger's Nature Notes http://scottranger.com/helianthus-porteri-confederate-daisy.html</ref> and '''Confederate daisy'''. The term "daisy" is imprecise because the species is a sunflower (''[[Helianthus]]'') rather than a daisy (''[[Bellis]]'' and related genera). Likewise, although the plant grows on [[Stone Mountain]], GA, its range extends well beyond. The connection to the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] is through Stone Mountain which contains a confederate monument, although the connection is tenuous as the species was named before the Civil War in 1849 by Harvard botanist [[Asa Gray]] in honor of [[Thomas Conrad Porter]], a Pennsylvanian minister and botanist who collected the plant in Georgia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=A. A. |date=1901 |title=Thomas Conrad Porter |journal=The Plant World |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=130–131 |issn=0096-8307 |jstor=43475709}}</ref> Gray initially named the plant ''Rudbeckia porteri'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudbeckia porteri in Global Plants on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/compilation/Rudbeckia.porteri |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=plants.jstor.org}}</ref> later changed to ''Helianthus'' in 1998 by John F. Pruski.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pruski |first=John F. |date=1998 |title=Helianthus porteri (A. Gray) Pruski (Compositae), a New Combination Validated for the Confederate Daisy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4034058 |journal=Castanea |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=74–75 |issn=0008-7475}}</ref>
-''Helianthus porteri'' grows on thin soils on and around flat rock granite and gneiss outcrops <ref>Scott Ranger's Nature Notes http://scottranger.com/helianthus-porteri-confederate-daisy.html</ref>. It is an annual herb up to 100&nbsp;cm (40 inches) tall. One plant usually produces 5 or more  [[Head (botany)|flower heads]], each containing 7 or 8 yellow [[ray florets]] surrounding 30 or more yellow [[disc floret]]s.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066895 Flora of North America, ''Helianthus porteri'' (A. Gray) Pruski, 1998.  Confederate daisy ]</ref><ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/123407#page/352/mode/1up Blake, Sydney Fay 1918.  Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 54: 114–115], as ''Viguiera porteri''</ref>
+The species is native to the southeastern United States, including [[Alabama]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], but has been introduced to granite outcrop areas in [[North Carolina]] as an aggressive weed.<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Helianthus%20porteri.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref>Weakley AS. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid‐Atlantic states. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. [WWW document] URL http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006082209/http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |date=2018-10-06 }}</ref> ''Helianthus porteri'' grows on thin soils on and around flat rock [[granite]] and [[gneiss]] outcrops.<ref>Scott Ranger's Nature Notes http://scottranger.com/helianthus-porteri-confederate-daisy.html</ref> It is an annual herb up to 100&nbsp;cm (40 inches) tall. One plant usually produces 5 or more [[Head (botany)|flower heads]], each containing 7 or 8 yellow [[ray florets]] surrounding 30 or more yellow [[disc floret]]s.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066895 Flora of North America, ''Helianthus porteri'' (A. Gray) Pruski, 1998.  Confederate daisy ]</ref><ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/123407#page/352/mode/1up Blake, Sydney Fay 1918.  Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 54: 114–115], as ''Viguiera porteri''</ref>
-The species is named for [[Thomas Conrad Porter]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=A. A. |title=Thomas Conrad Porter |journal=The Plant World |date=1901 |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=130–131 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43475709 |issn=0096-8307}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 32: / Line 23: @@
 ==External links==
-{{Commons category|Helianthus porteri}}
+*{{Commons category-inline|Helianthus porteri}}
 *[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=3693 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Georgia in 1846, isotype of ''Rudbeckia porteri/Viguiera porteri/Helianthus porteri'']
-*[http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/3/407.full.pdf Scott D. Gevaert, Jennifer R. Mandel, John M. Burke, and Lisa A. Donovan. 2013. High Genetic Diversity and Low Population Structure in Porter’s Sunflower ''(Helianthus porteri).'' Journal of Heredity 2013:104(3):407–415] doi:10.1093/jhered/est009
+*[http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/3/407.full.pdf Scott D. Gevaert, Jennifer R. Mandel, John M. Burke, and Lisa A. Donovan. 2013. High Genetic Diversity and Low Population Structure in Porter’s Sunflower ''(Helianthus porteri).'' Journal of Heredity 2013:104(3):407–415]{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} doi:10.1093/jhered/est009
 *[http://jimbotany.com/Monastery_Plants/Helianthus%20porteri--aka%20Viguiera%20porteri.htm Plant Life of the Monastery of the Holy Spirit by Jim Allison]
 *[http://www.floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=1059 Alabama Plant Atlas, ''Helianthus porteri'']
@@ Line 43: / Line 34: @@
 [[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]
 [[Category:Plants described in 1849]]
+[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

Taxon identifiers
Helianthus porteri	Wikidata: Q15485323 Wikispecies: Helianthus porteri APA: 1059 CoL: 3K5ZH EoL: 491628 FNA: 250066895 GBIF: 3119169 GRIN: 104319 iNaturalist: 163625 IPNI: 1000702-1 IRMNG: 10907401 ITIS: 502926 NatureServe: 2.130723 NCBI: 73305 Open Tree of Life: 417264 Plant List: gcc-126051 PLANTS: HEPO3 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1000702-1 Tropicos: 50113660 WFO: wfo-0000026957
Rudbeckia porteri	Wikidata: Q38738695 CoL: 4TMC3 GBIF: 5395580 GRIN: 410575 IPNI: 223786-2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:223786-2 Tropicos: 50071075 WFO: wfo-0000016989 WoRMS: 1201685