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[[File:Arctictern.jpg|250px|thumb|An Interstate S-1B2.]] |
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| name=Interstate Cadet |
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The '''Interstate Cadet''' is a [[United States|US]] two-seat tandem, high wing, single engine [[monoplane]] light aircraft. Around 320 of these aircraft were produced between the years of 1941 and 1942 by the [[Interstate Aircraft|Interstate Manufacturing Company]] based in El Segundo, [[California]]. The construction techniques employed were a welded steel tube [[fuselage]], wood (spruce) wing structure with metal ribs, and fabric covering, all of which were fairly standard in the 1940s. |
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| image=Interstate L-6 Cadet USAF Museum.jpg |
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| caption=An L-6 of the USAF Museum |
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}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
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| type=Utility monoplane |
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| national origin=United States |
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| manufacturer=[[Interstate Aircraft|Interstate Aircraft and Engineering Corporation]] |
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| designer= |
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| first flight=1940 |
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| introduced= |
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| retired= |
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| status= |
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| primary user=[[United States Army]] |
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| number built=574 |
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| developed from= |
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| variants with their own articles=[[Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern|Arctic Tern]] |
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}} |
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|} |
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The '''Interstate Cadet''' was an American two-seat tandem, high wing, single-engine [[monoplane]] light aircraft. Around 320 of these aircraft were produced between the years 1941 and 1942 by the [[Interstate Aircraft|Interstate Aircraft and Engineering Corporation]] based in El Segundo, [[California]]. The construction techniques employed were a welded steel tube [[fuselage]], wood (spruce) wing structure with metal ribs, and fabric covering, all of which were fairly standard in the 1940s. |
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An Interstate Cadet, flown by aviator [[Cornelia Fort]] and an unknown student, was one of the first aircraft (if not the first) to be attacked by [[IJNAS]] Japanese naval planes en route to the [[Pearl Harbor]] attack on December 7, 1941. |
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The aircraft in its original version (the S1 prototype) was powered by the 50hp [[Continental Motors|Continental]] A-50 [[Piston engine|engine]], but was soon upgraded (the S1-A-65F variant) to the Continental A-65 engine. This was the mainstay used in most small two-seat aircraft of the time. This aircraft was also used in WW2, being named the L-8A. |
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==Design and development== |
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It has been argued why this aircraft did not become successful during early 40's. One reason found is that this aircraft cost almost three times the amount of the comparable [[Piper J-3|J-3 Cub]]. However, if one were to look at the blue prints between the two aircraft it can be stated that the Cadet is far superior. Its faster, stronger, and can be operated in a more rugged environment. It can operate in the rugged north due to the Oleo strut/Compression spring suspension system. Popular upgrades for this airframe include: larger engines(75/85/90/100hp), better brakes, and a different tailwheel system. |
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The original version, the S1 prototype, was powered by the 50 hp [[Continental A50]] [[Piston engine|engine]], but was soon upgraded to the [[Continental A65]] engine and redesignated as the S1-A-65F. This was a common engine used in many small American two-seat aircraft of the time. This aircraft would be used during [[World War II]] under the L-6A designation. |
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In 1945 the rights to the aircraft were sold to [[Harlow Aircraft Company]], which in turn resold the tooling and parts to the [[Call Aircraft Company]] of [[Afton, Wyoming]] in 1946 for $5,000 (${{Inflation|US|5000|1946|r=-3|fmt=c}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-10-18 |title=Alhambra Airport |url=http://employees.oxy.edu/jerry/alhambra.htm |url-status=dead |work=[[Occidental College]] |location=[[Los Angeles]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528003939/http://employees.oxy.edu/jerry/alhambra.htm |archive-date=2007-05-28 |access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> Callair rebuilt a number of S-1, S-1A and L-6s, some with engine upgrades, for local ranchers and bush pilots as well as two examples of their own serial numbered '''CallAir S-1A-90C''' before stopping production, focusing instead on variations of its original [[CallAir Model A]] (which also sold in small numbers, fewer than 200 total units).<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Air Progress Sport Aircraft|title=The Quiet Professor|date=Winter 1969}}, {Anelon interviews with former Callair employees}</ref> |
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In the late 1960s the [[type certificate]]s and tooling were bought by the newly formed [[Arctic Aircraft]] Company. Arctic Aircraft transformed the S-1B1 into a bush plane by upgrading structural elements of the fuselage, landing gear, and wings. This new aircraft, designated the S-1B2, was reconfigured with a [[Lycoming O-320]] 160 HP engine and 82” [[McCauley]] propeller for increased performance. |
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One reason the Cadet may not have sold well was that this aircraft cost almost three times the amount of the comparable [[Piper J-3 Cub]]. However, a close look at the two aircraft reveals that the Cadet was faster, stronger, and could be operated in a more rugged environment with its Oleo strut/Compression spring suspension system. Popular upgrades for this airframe included larger engines(75/85/90/100 hp), better brakes, and a different [[conventional undercarriage|tailwheel]] system. |
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In the 1970s, the Model S-1B2 was revived, modernised form, and type certificated in 1975 as the [[Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern|Arctic Tern]]. |
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In the late 1960s the [[type certificate]]s and tooling were bought by the newly formed [[Arctic Aircraft]] Company who transformed the S-1B1 into a bush plane by upgrading structural elements of the fuselage, landing gear and wings. This aircraft was designated the S-1B2, was used a [[Lycoming O-320]] 160 HP engine and a [[McCauley Propeller Systems|McCauley]] propeller for increased performance and was certified in 1975 as the [[Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern|Arctic Tern]]. The new Type certification also covered installing the same engine in otherwise standard Interstate Cadets. |
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Type certification was also obtained for some of the original Interstate Cadets to use the 160 hp Lycoming O-320 engine but without the full complement of modifications and upgrades provided in the Arctic Tern. |
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==Variants== |
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The Cadet is used by Kent Pietsch to perform dead stick, comedy, and camper top landing aerobatic routines.<ref>www.pietschaircraft.<ref>www.pietschaircraft.com</ref> |
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[[File:Arctictern.jpg|250px|thumb|A later S-1B2 Arctic Tern]] |
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== Specifications == |
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[[File:AeroCaptureImages-InterstateCadet0055.jpg|thumb|Interstate Cadet S-1A]] |
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;S-1 |
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:Certified in 1940 and powered by a [[Continental A50-8]] engine.<ref name="ATC2-758" /> |
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;S-1A |
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:Certified in 1941 and powered by a [[Continental A65-8]] engine.<ref name="ATC737" /> |
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;S-1A-65F |
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:1941 variant powered by a 65hp [[Franklin 4AC-176-B2]] engine.<ref name="ATC737" /> |
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;S-1A-85F |
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:1942 variant powered by an 85hp [[Franklin 4AC-199-D2]] engine.<ref name="ATC737" /> |
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;S-1A-90C |
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:1952 Callair variant powered by a 90hp [[Continental C90-8]] engine.only two built.<ref name="ATC737"/> |
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;S-1A-90F |
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:1942 variant powered by 90hp [[Franklin 4AC-199-E2]] engine.<ref name="ATC737" /> |
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;S-1B1 |
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:1942 variant with a [[Franklin 4ACG-199-H3]] engine. Military production as the L-6 Grasshopper.<ref name="ATC754" /> |
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;S-1B2 ([[Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern|Arctic Tern]]) |
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:1975 improved variant of the S-1B1 powered by a [[Lycoming O-320-A2B]] or [[Lycoming O-320-B2B|B2B]] engine.<ref name="ATC754" /> |
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;XO-63 Grasshopper |
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:United States Army designation for one S-1B for evaluation, later designated the XL-6.<ref name="Andrade" /> |
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;L-6 Grasshopper |
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:United States Army designation for the S-1B1, 250 built.<ref name="Andrade" /> |
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;L-8A Cadet |
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:United States Army designation for eight S-1As ordered on behalf of the Bolivian Air Force.<ref name="Andrade" /> |
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== Specifications (S-1B1) == |
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*'''Capacity:''' 2 (1 pilot, one passenger) |
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[[File:Interstate L-6 3-view line drawing.png|frameless|right|3-view line drawing of the Interstate L-6]] |
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*'''Engine:''' Continental A-50 (S-1), Continental A-65 (S-1A) |
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*'''Wingspan:''' 35ft 6in |
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*'''Length:''' 23ft 5.5in |
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*'''Cruise:''' 98mph |
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*'''Fuel capacity:''' 15 gallons |
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*'''Range:''' 380 miles |
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*'''Payload:''' 480 pounds |
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*'''Maximum Takeoff Weight:''' 1200-1250 pounds |
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{{Aircraft specs |
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{{USAF liaison aircraft}} |
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|ref=<!-- reference --> |
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{{aviation lists}} |
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|prime units?=<!-- imp or kts first for US aircraft, and UK aircraft pre-metrification, met(ric) first for all others. You MUST choose a format, or no specifications will show -->imp |
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General characteristics |
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|genhide= |
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|crew=two |
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{{unreferenced|date=May 2007}} |
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|capacity= |
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|length m=7.15 |
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|length ft=23 |
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|length in=5 |
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|length note= |
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|span m=10.82 |
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|span ft=35 |
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|span in=6 |
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|span note= |
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|upper span m= |
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|lower span in= |
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|swept m=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|swept ft=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|swept in=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|swept note= |
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|dia m=<!-- airships etc --> |
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|dia ft=<!-- airships etc --> |
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|dia in=<!-- airships etc --> |
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|dia note= |
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|width m=<!-- if applicable --> |
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|width ft=<!-- if applicable --> |
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|width in=<!-- if applicable --> |
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|width note= |
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|height m=2.13 |
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|height ft=7 |
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|height in= |
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|height note= |
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|wing area sqm= |
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|wing area sqft= |
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|wing area note= |
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|swept area sqm=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|swept area sqft=<!-- swing-wings --> |
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|swept area note= |
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|volume m3=<!-- lighter-than-air --> |
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|volume ft3=<!-- lighter-than-air --> |
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|volume note= |
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|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|airfoil= |
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|empty weight kg=500 |
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|empty weight lb=1,103 |
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|empty weight note= |
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|gross weight kg= |
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|gross weight lb= |
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|gross weight note= |
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|max takeoff weight kg=748 |
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|max takeoff weight lb=1,650 |
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|max takeoff weight note= |
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|lift kg=<!-- lighter-than-air --> |
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|lift lb=<!-- lighter-than-air --> |
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|lift note= |
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|more general= |
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<!-- |
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Powerplant |
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--> |
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|eng1 number=1 |
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|eng1 name=[[Continental A65-8]] |
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|eng1 type= |
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|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|eng1 hp=65 |
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|eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|eng1 note= |
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|power original= |
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|thrust original= |
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|eng1 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|eng1 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|eng2 number= |
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[[Category:United States civil utility aircraft 1940-1949]] |
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|eng2 name= |
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[[Category:High wing aircraft]] |
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|eng2 type= |
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[[Category:Propeller aircraft]] |
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|eng2 kw=<!-- prop engines --> |
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[[Category:Single engine aircraft]] |
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|eng2 hp=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|eng2 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|eng3 number= |
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|eng3 name= |
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|eng3 type= |
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|eng3 kw=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|eng3 hp=<!-- prop engines --> |
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|eng3 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines --> |
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|eng3 note= |
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|eng3 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|eng3 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners --> |
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|more power= |
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|prop blade number=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
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|prop name= |
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|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
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|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
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|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
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|prop note= |
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|rot number=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot dia m=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot dia ft=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot dia in=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot area sqm=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot area sqft=<!-- helicopters --> |
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|rot area note= |
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<!-- |
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Performance |
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--> |
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|perfhide= |
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|max speed kmh=183 |
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|max speed mph=114 |
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|max speed kts= |
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|max speed note= |
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|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft --> |
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|cruise speed kmh=169 |
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|cruise speed mph=105 |
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|cruise speed kts= |
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|cruise speed note= |
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|stall speed kmh=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|stall speed mph=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|stall speed kts= |
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|stall speed note= |
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|never exceed speed kmh= |
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|never exceed speed mph= |
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|never exceed speed kts= |
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|never exceed speed note= |
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|minimum control speed kmh= |
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|minimum control speed mph= |
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|minimum control speed kts= |
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|minimum control speed note= |
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|range km=869 |
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|range miles=540 |
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|range nmi= |
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|range note= |
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|combat range km= |
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|combat range miles= |
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|combat range nmi= |
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|combat range note= |
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|ferry range km= |
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|ferry range miles= |
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|ferry range nmi= |
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|ferry range note= |
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|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |
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|ceiling m=1530 |
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|ceiling ft=16,500 |
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|ceiling note= |
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|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|glide ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|climb rate ms= |
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|climb rate ftmin= |
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|climb rate note= |
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|sink rate ms=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|sink rate ftmin=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|sink rate note= |
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|lift to drag= |
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|wing loading kg/m2= |
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|wing loading lb/sqft= |
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|wing loading note= |
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|disk loading kg/m2= |
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|disk loading lb/sqft= |
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|power/mass met= |
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|power/mass imp= |
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|thrust/weight= |
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|thrust/weight note= |
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}} |
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==See also== |
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{{aircontent |
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<!-- include as many lines are appropriate. additional lines/entries with carriage return. --> |
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|see also= |
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|related=<!-- related developments --> |
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*[[Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern|Arctic Tern]] |
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|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft --> |
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|sequence=<!-- designation sequence, if appropriate --> |
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|lists=<!-- related lists --> |
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* [[List of aircraft of World War II]] |
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*[[List of military aircraft of the United States]] |
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}} |
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==References== |
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;Notes |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="Andrade">Andrade 1979, p. 130</ref> |
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<ref name="ATC737"> |
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{{cite web | title=Type Certificate Data Sheet #A-737| url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/f5f8d40ce0a21b66862574c6005f05e1/$FILE/A-737.pdf| date=31 October 2007|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]| access-date=2009-12-20}} |
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</ref> |
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<ref name="ATC754">{{cite web| title=Type Certificate Data Sheet #A-754| url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/dd29e4b6c44bcd20862574c600611bea/$FILE/A-754.pdf| date=31 October 2007| publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]| access-date=2009-12-20| archive-date=2019-08-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807154252/http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/dd29e4b6c44bcd20862574c600611bea/$FILE/A-754.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ATC2-758">{{cite web| title=Type Certificate Data Sheet #2-558| url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/a0210d5c3cf8e2df862574c600616d3e/$FILE/2-558.pdf| date=31 October 2007| publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]| access-date=2009-12-20| archive-date=2019-08-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807154252/http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/a0210d5c3cf8e2df862574c600616d3e/$FILE/2-558.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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}} |
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;Bibliography |
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{{commons category|Interstate Cadet}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Andrade |first= John |title= U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909|year=1979 |publisher=Midland Counties Publications|isbn= 0-904597-22-9}} |
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{{refend}} |
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<!-- ==External links== --> |
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{{Interstate aircraft}} |
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{{USAF liaison aircraft}} |
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{{USAAF observation aircraft}} |
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[[ |
[[Category:Interstate aircraft]] |
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[[Category:1940s United States civil utility aircraft]] |
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[[Category:High-wing aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1940]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:29, 19 May 2023
| Interstate Cadet | |
|---|---|
| |
| An L-6 of the USAF Museum | |
| Role | Utility monoplane |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Interstate Aircraft and Engineering Corporation |
| First flight | 1940 |
| Primary user | United States Army |
| Number built | 574 |
| Variants | Arctic Tern |
The Interstate Cadet was an American two-seat tandem, high wing, single-engine monoplane light aircraft. Around 320 of these aircraft were produced between the years 1941 and 1942 by the Interstate Aircraft and Engineering Corporation based in El Segundo, California. The construction techniques employed were a welded steel tube fuselage, wood (spruce) wing structure with metal ribs, and fabric covering, all of which were fairly standard in the 1940s.
An Interstate Cadet, flown by aviator Cornelia Fort and an unknown student, was one of the first aircraft (if not the first) to be attacked by IJNAS Japanese naval planes en route to the Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 1941.
Design and development[edit]
The original version, the S1 prototype, was powered by the 50 hp Continental A50 engine, but was soon upgraded to the Continental A65 engine and redesignated as the S1-A-65F. This was a common engine used in many small American two-seat aircraft of the time. This aircraft would be used during World War II under the L-6A designation.
In 1945 the rights to the aircraft were sold to Harlow Aircraft Company, which in turn resold the tooling and parts to the Call Aircraft Company of Afton, Wyoming in 1946 for $5,000 ($78,000 in 2023).[1] Callair rebuilt a number of S-1, S-1A and L-6s, some with engine upgrades, for local ranchers and bush pilots as well as two examples of their own serial numbered CallAir S-1A-90C before stopping production, focusing instead on variations of its original CallAir Model A (which also sold in small numbers, fewer than 200 total units).[2]
One reason the Cadet may not have sold well was that this aircraft cost almost three times the amount of the comparable Piper J-3 Cub. However, a close look at the two aircraft reveals that the Cadet was faster, stronger, and could be operated in a more rugged environment with its Oleo strut/Compression spring suspension system. Popular upgrades for this airframe included larger engines(75/85/90/100 hp), better brakes, and a different tailwheel system.
In the late 1960s the type certificates and tooling were bought by the newly formed Arctic Aircraft Company who transformed the S-1B1 into a bush plane by upgrading structural elements of the fuselage, landing gear and wings. This aircraft was designated the S-1B2, was used a Lycoming O-320 160 HP engine and a McCauley propeller for increased performance and was certified in 1975 as the Arctic Tern. The new Type certification also covered installing the same engine in otherwise standard Interstate Cadets.
Variants[edit]
- S-1
- Certified in 1940 and powered by a Continental A50-8 engine.[3]
- S-1A
- Certified in 1941 and powered by a Continental A65-8 engine.[4]
- S-1A-65F
- 1941 variant powered by a 65hp Franklin 4AC-176-B2 engine.[4]
- S-1A-85F
- 1942 variant powered by an 85hp Franklin 4AC-199-D2 engine.[4]
- S-1A-90C
- 1952 Callair variant powered by a 90hp Continental C90-8 engine.only two built.[4]
- S-1A-90F
- 1942 variant powered by 90hp Franklin 4AC-199-E2 engine.[4]
- S-1B1
- 1942 variant with a Franklin 4ACG-199-H3 engine. Military production as the L-6 Grasshopper.[5]
- S-1B2 (Arctic Tern)
- 1975 improved variant of the S-1B1 powered by a Lycoming O-320-A2B or B2B engine.[5]
- XO-63 Grasshopper
- United States Army designation for one S-1B for evaluation, later designated the XL-6.[6]
- L-6 Grasshopper
- United States Army designation for the S-1B1, 250 built.[6]
- L-8A Cadet
- United States Army designation for eight S-1As ordered on behalf of the Bolivian Air Force.[6]
Specifications (S-1B1)[edit]
General characteristics
- Crew: two
- Length: 23 ft 5 in (7.15 m)
- Wingspan: 35 ft 6 in (10.82 m)
- Height: 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)
- Empty weight: 1,103 lb (500 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 1,650 lb (748 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × Continental A65-8 , 65 hp (48 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 114 mph (183 km/h, 99 kn)
- Cruise speed: 105 mph (169 km/h, 91 kn)
- Range: 540 mi (869 km, 470 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 16,500 ft (1,530 m)
See also[edit]
Related development
Related lists
References[edit]
- Notes
- ^ "Alhambra Airport". Occidental College. Los Angeles. 2013-10-18. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ "The Quiet Professor". Air Progress Sport Aircraft. Winter 1969., {Anelon interviews with former Callair employees}
- ^ "Type Certificate Data Sheet #2-558" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ a b c d e "Type Certificate Data Sheet #A-737" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 31 October 2007. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ a b "Type Certificate Data Sheet #A-754" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ a b c Andrade 1979, p. 130
- Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate Cadet.
- Andrade, John (1979). U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 0-904597-22-9.