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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{taxobox
{{automatic taxobox
|name = ''Isopogon''
|image = Isopogon_cuneatus.JPG
|image = Isopogon_cuneatus.JPG
|image_caption = ''I. cuneatus''
|image_caption = ''[[Isopogon cuneatus]]''
|display_parents = 3
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|parent_authority =
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|taxon = Isopogon
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]] ex [[Joseph Knight (gardener)|Knight]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web|title=''Isopogon''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/81505|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
|ordo = [[Proteales]]
|type_species = ''[[Isopogon anemonifolius]]''<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Isopogon''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/498062|publisher=APNI|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
|familia = [[Proteaceae]]
|genus = '''''Isopogon'''''
|genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]] ex [[Joseph Knight (gardener)|Knight]]
|type_species = ''[[Isopogon anemonifolius]]''<ref name="APNI27343">{{APNI| name = ''Isopogon R.Br. ex Knight| id =27343 | accessdate = 24 December 2015 }}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = 35 spp.
|subdivision = 39 species (see text)
|range_map=IsopogonAllDistMap.png
|}}
|range_map_caption=Occurrence data from [[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]]
[[File:Ianethifolius maranoa.jpg|thumb|''Isopogon anethifolius'', [[Maranoa Gardens]]]]
}}
[[File:Ianethifolius maranoa.jpg|thumb|''[[Isopogon anethifolius]]'', [[Maranoa Gardens]]]][[File:Isopogon fruit (3475372179).jpg|thumb|[[Infructescence]] of ''[[Isopogon anemonifolius]]'']]


'''''Isopogon''''', commonly known as '''conesticks''', '''conebushes''' or '''coneflowers''',<ref name="ABRS">{{cite web |last1=Foreman |first1=Donald B. |title=''Isopogon'' |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Isopogon |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> is a genus of about forty species of flowering plants in the family [[Proteaceae]], and are [[Endemism|endemic]] to Australia. They are shrubs with rigid leaves, [[Plant reproductive morphology#Bisexual |bisexual]] flowers in a dense spike or "cone" and the fruit is a small, hairy [[Nut (fruit)|nut]].
'''''Isopogon''''' is a genus of 35 species of mainly low-growing and [[prostrate shrub|prostrate]] perennial [[shrubs]] in the family [[Proteaceae]] endemic to [[Australia]]. They are found throughout Australia, though [[Western Australia]] has the greatest variety with 27 of the 35 species found there. They are popularly known as drumsticks due to the shape of their inflorescences.


==Description==
Several species are grown in gardens, though they are nowhere near as well known or cultivated as their fellow Proteaceae members ''[[Grevillea]]'' or ''[[Banksia]]''.
Plants in the genus ''Isopogon'' are erect or prostrate shrubs with rigid, usually [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|compound]], rarely simple leaves. Compound leaves are deeply divided with flat or cylindrical lobes. The flowers are usually arranged on the ends of branches, usually surrounded by [[Bract#Involucral_bracts|bracts]], in a more or less conical or spherical spike. Each flower is bisexual and symmetrical, the [[tepal]]s spreading as the flower develops, the lower part persisting until the fruit expands. The fruit are fused to form a woody cone-like to more or less spherical structure, each fruit a nut with bracts that eventually fall and release the fruit. ''Isopogon'' have 13 [[haploid]] chromosomes.<ref name="ABRS" /><ref name="RBGS">{{cite web |last1=Harden |first1=Gwen J. |title=''Isopogon'' |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&showsyn=&dist=&constat=&lvl=gn&name=Isopogon |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="RBGV">{{cite web |last1=Foreman |first1=Donald B. |title=''Isopogon'' |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/d09c5fee-341e-4630-8be6-edf2cf244117 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=FloraBase>{{FloraBase|name=''Isopogon''|id=22381}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ramsay | first1 = H. P. | doi = 10.1071/BT9630001 | title = Chromosome numbers in the proteaceae | journal = Australian Journal of Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 1 | year = 1963 }}</ref>


==Classification==
==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Isopogon'' was first formally described in 1809 by [[Joseph Knight (gardener)|Joseph Knight]] in ''[[On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae]]'', preempting publication of the same name by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in his book ''[[On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae]]''.<ref name="APNI" /><ref name="Knight">{{cite book |last1=Knight |first1=Joseph |title=On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae |date=1809 |publisher=William Savage |location=London |pages=93–94 |url=https://archive.org/details/oncultivationpl00kniggoog/page/n117/mode/2up |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
They are members of the subfamily Proteoideae (which includes South African genera such as ''[[Protea]]'', ''[[Leucospermum]]'' & ''[[Leucadendron]]''), within the Proteaceae.


==Genetics==
===Species list===
The following is a list of species, subspecies and varieties of ''Isopogon'' accepted by the [[Australian Plant Census]] as at November 2020:<ref name="APC list">{{cite web |title=''Isopogon'' R.Br. ex Knight |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search?product=APC&tree.id=51209179&name=Isopogon&inc._scientific=&inc.scientific=on&inc._cultivar=&max=100&display=apc&search=true |publisher=Australian Plant Census |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
''Isopogon'' have 13 [[haploid]] chromosomes.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ramsay | first1 = H. P. | doi = 10.1071/BT9630001 | title = Chromosome numbers in the proteaceae | journal = Australian Journal of Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 1 | year = 1963 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* ''[[Isopogon adenanthoides]]'' <small>[[Meisn.]]</small> (W.A.) - spider coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon alcicornis]]'' <small>[[Diels]]</small> (W.A.) - elkhorn coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon anemonifolius]]'' <small>([[Salisb.]]) Knight</small> (N.S.W.) - broad-leaved drumsticks
* ''[[Isopogon anethifolius]]'' <small>(Salisb.) Knight</small> (N.S.W.) - narrow-leaved drumsticks
* ''[[Isopogon asper]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon attenuatus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon axillaris]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon baxteri]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.) - Stirling Range coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon buxifolius]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.)
** ''Isopogon buxifolius'' <small>R.Br.</small> var. ''buxifolius''
** ''Isopogon buxifolius'' var. ''obovatus'' <small>(R.Br.)[[Benth.]]</small>
* ''[[Isopogon ceratophyllus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (S.A., Vic., Tas.) - wild Irishman, horny cone bush
* ''[[Isopogon crithmifolius]]'' <small>[[F.Muell.]]</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon cuneatus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.) - coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon dawsonii]]'' <small>F.Muell. ex [[R.T.Baker]]</small> (N.S.W.) - Nepean cone bush
* ''[[Isopogon divergens]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.) - spreading coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon drummondii]]'' <small>[[Charles von Hügel|Hügel]] ex [[Henri Antoine Jacques|Jacques]]</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon dubius]]'' <small>(R.Br.) [[George Claridge Druce|Druce]]</small> (W.A.) - pincushion coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon fletcheri]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> (N.S.W.) - Fletcher's drumsticks
* ''[[Isopogon formosus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.) - rose coneflower
** ''Isopogon formosus'' subsp. ''dasylepis'' <small>(Meisn.) [[Donald Bruce Foreman|Foreman]]</small>
** ''Isopogon formosus <small>R.Br.</small> subsp. ''formosus''
* ''[[Isopogon gardneri]]'' <small>Foreman</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon heterophyllus]]'' <small>Meisn.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon inconspicuus]]'' <small>(Meisn.) Foreman</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon latifolius]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon linearis]]'' <small>Meisn.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon longifolius]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon mnoraifolius]]'' <small>[[Donald McGillivray (botanist)|McGill.]]</small> (N.S.W.)
* ''[[Isopogon panduratus]]'' <small>[[Michael Clyde Hislop|Hislop]] & [[Barbara Lynette Rye|Rye]]</small> (W.A.)
** ''Isopogon panduratus'' subsp. ''palustris'' <small>Hislop & Rye</small>
** ''Isopogon panduratus'' <small>Hislop & Rye</small> subsp. ''panduratus''
* ''[[Isopogon petiolaris]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (Qld., N.S.W.)
* ''[[Isopogon polycephalus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.) - clustered coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon prostratus]]'' <small>McGill.</small> (N.S.W., Vic.) - prostrate cone-bush
* ''[[Isopogon pruinosus]]'' <small>Hislop & Rye</small> (W.A.)
** ''Isopogon pruinosus'' subsp. ''glabellus'' <small>Hislop & Rye</small>
** ''Isopogon pruinosus'' <small>Hislop & Rye</small> subsp. ''pruinosus''
* ''[[Isopogon robustus]]'' <small>Foreman ex [[Neil Gibson (botanist)|N.Gibson]]</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon scabriusculus]]'' <small>Meisn.</small> (W.A.)
** ''Isopogon scabriusculus'' subsp. ''pubifloris'' <small>Foreman</small>
** ''Isopogon scabriusculus'' <small>Meisn.</small> subsp. ''scabriusculus''
** ''Isopogon scabriusculus'' subsp. ''stenophyllus'' <small>Foreman</small>
* ''[[Isopogon spathulatus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon sphaerocephalus]]'' <small>[[Lindl.]]</small> (W.A.) - drumstick isopogon
* ''[[Isopogon teretifolius]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.) - nodding coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon tridens]]'' <small>(Meisn.) F.Muell.</small> (W.A.) - three-toothed coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon trilobus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.) - barrel coneflower
* ''[[Isopogon uncinatus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (W.A.)
* ''[[Isopogon villosus]]'' <small>Meisn.</small> (W.A.)
{{div col end}}


Two new species of ''Isopogon'', ''[[Isopogon autumnalis|I. autumnalis]]'' (10 December 2019)<ref name=APNI1>{{cite web|title=''Isopogon autumnalis''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/51345895|publisher=APNI|access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Nuytsia 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Rye |first1=Barbara L. |last2=Macfarlane |first2=Terry D. |title=A new name, clarification of synonymy, and a new subspecies for ''Isopogon'' (Proteaceae) in Western Australia |journal=Nuytsia |date=10 December 2019 |volume=30 |pages=309–316 |doi=10.58828/nuy00931 |s2cid=257673202 |url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/931.pdf |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> and ''[[Isopogon nutans|I. nutans]]'' (5 May 2020)<ref name=APNI2>{{cite web|title=''Isopogon nutans''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/51355082|publisher=APNI|access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Nuytsia 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Rye |first1=Barbara L. |last2=Hislop |first2=Michael |title=Sixty years in the making: ''Isopogon nutans'' (Proteaceae), a new species with pendulous flower heads |journal=Nuytsia |date=5 May 2020 |volume=31 |pages=95–99 |doi=10.58828/nuy00953 |s2cid=257681778 |url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/953.pdf |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> have been described but the names have not been accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at November 2020.
==Species==
*''[[Isopogon adenanthoides|I. adenanthoides]]'' (spider coneflower)
*''[[Isopogon alcicornis|I. alcicornis]]'' (elkhorn coneflower)
*''[[Isopogon anethifolius|I. anethifolius]]'' (narrow-leaved drumsticks)
*''[[Isopogon anemonifolius|I. anemonifolius]]'' (broad-leaved drumsticks)
**''[[Isopogon anemonifolius|I. anemonifolius]]'' "Woorikee 2000"
*''[[Isopogon asper|I. asper]]''
*''[[Isopogon attenuatus|I. attenuatus]]''
*''[[Isopogon axillaris|I. axillaris]]''
*''[[Isopogon baxteri|I. baxteri]]''
*''[[Isopogon buxifolius|I. buxifolius]]''
*''[[Isopogon ceratophyllus|I. ceratophyllus]]'' (Wild Irishman; Horny Cone Bush)
*''[[Isopogon crithmifolius|I. crithmifolius]]''
*''[[Isopogon cuneatus|I. cuneatus]]'' (Drumsticks)
*''[[Isopogon dawsonii|I. dawsonii]]'' (Nepean Cone Bush)
*''[[Isopogon divergens|I. divergens]]'' (Spreading Cone Bush)
*''[[Isopogon drummondii|I. drummondii]]''
*''[[Isopogon dubius|I. dubius (=roseus)]]'' (Rose Cone Bush; Pincushion Rose Bush)
*''[[Isopogon fletcheri|I. fletcheri]]''
*''[[Isopogon formosus|I. formosus]]'' (rose coneflower)
*''[[Isopogon latifolius|I. latifolius]]''
*''[[Isopogon linearis|I. linearis]]''
*''[[Isopogon longifolius|I. longifolius]]''
*''[[Isopogon mnoraifolius|I. mnoraifolius]]''
*''[[Isopogon petiolaris|I. petiolaris]]''
*''[[Isopogon polycephalus|I. polycephalus]]'' (clustered coneflower)
*''[[Isopogon prostratus|I. prostratus]]''
*''[[Isopogon scabriusculus|I. scabriusculus]]''
*''[[Isopogon spathulatus|I. spathulatus]]''
*''[[Isopogon sphaerocephalus|I. sphaerocephalus]]'' (drumstick isopogon)
*''[[Isopogon teretifolius|I. teretifolius]]'' (nodding coneflower)
*''[[Isopogon tridens|I. tridens]]''
*''[[Isopogon trilobus|I. trilobus]]'' (barrel coneflower)
*''[[Isopogon uncinatus|I. uncinatus]]''
*''[[Isopogon villosus|I. villosus]]''


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|author=Foreman, DB|year=1995|chapter=Isopogon|editor=McCarthy, Patrick (ed.)|title=Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1|pages=194&ndash;223|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|isbn=0-643-05693-9}}
*{{cite book|author=Foreman, DB|year=1995|chapter=Isopogon|editor=McCarthy, Patrick|title=Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1|pages=194&ndash;223|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|isbn=0-643-05693-9}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Commons-inline|Isopogon|''Isopogon''}}
*{{Commons-inline|Isopogon|''Isopogon''}}
{{Proteaceae genera}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Isopogon|''Isopogon''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q532636}}


[[Category:Isopogon| ]]
[[Category:Isopogon| ]]
[[Category:Proteaceae genera]]
[[Category:Proteaceae genera]]
[[Category:Proteales of Australia]]

[[Category:Endemic flora of Australia]]

{{proteaceae-stub}}
{{Australia-eudicot-stub}}

Latest revision as of 16:33, 30 March 2023

Isopogon
Isopogon cuneatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Proteoideae
Tribe: Leucadendreae
Subtribe: Isopogoninae
Genus: Isopogon
R.Br. ex Knight[1]
Type species
Isopogon anemonifolius[2]
Species

39 species (see text)

Occurrence data from Australasian Virtual Herbarium
Isopogon anethifolius, Maranoa Gardens
Infructescence of Isopogon anemonifolius

Isopogon, commonly known as conesticks, conebushes or coneflowers,[3] is a genus of about forty species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, and are endemic to Australia. They are shrubs with rigid leaves, bisexual flowers in a dense spike or "cone" and the fruit is a small, hairy nut.

Description[edit]

Plants in the genus Isopogon are erect or prostrate shrubs with rigid, usually compound, rarely simple leaves. Compound leaves are deeply divided with flat or cylindrical lobes. The flowers are usually arranged on the ends of branches, usually surrounded by bracts, in a more or less conical or spherical spike. Each flower is bisexual and symmetrical, the tepals spreading as the flower develops, the lower part persisting until the fruit expands. The fruit are fused to form a woody cone-like to more or less spherical structure, each fruit a nut with bracts that eventually fall and release the fruit. Isopogon have 13 haploid chromosomes.[3][4][5][6][7]

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Isopogon was first formally described in 1809 by Joseph Knight in On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae, preempting publication of the same name by Robert Brown in his book On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae.[2][8]

Species list[edit]

The following is a list of species, subspecies and varieties of Isopogon accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at November 2020:[9]

Two new species of Isopogon, I. autumnalis (10 December 2019)[10][11] and I. nutans (5 May 2020)[12][13] have been described but the names have not been accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at November 2020.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Isopogon". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Isopogon". APNI. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  3. ^ a b Foreman, Donald B. "Isopogon". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  4. ^ Harden, Gwen J. "Isopogon". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  5. ^ Foreman, Donald B. "Isopogon". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  6. ^ "Isopogon". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  7. ^ Ramsay, H. P. (1963). "Chromosome numbers in the proteaceae". Australian Journal of Botany. 11: 1. doi:10.1071/BT9630001.
  8. ^ Knight, Joseph (1809). On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae. London: William Savage. pp. 93–94. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  9. ^ "Isopogon R.Br. ex Knight". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Isopogon autumnalis". APNI. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  11. ^ Rye, Barbara L.; Macfarlane, Terry D. (10 December 2019). "A new name, clarification of synonymy, and a new subspecies for Isopogon (Proteaceae) in Western Australia" (PDF). Nuytsia. 30: 309–316. doi:10.58828/nuy00931. S2CID 257673202. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Isopogon nutans". APNI. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  13. ^ Rye, Barbara L.; Hislop, Michael (5 May 2020). "Sixty years in the making: Isopogon nutans (Proteaceae), a new species with pendulous flower heads" (PDF). Nuytsia. 31: 95–99. doi:10.58828/nuy00953. S2CID 257681778. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  • Foreman, DB (1995). "Isopogon". In McCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 194–223. ISBN 0-643-05693-9.

External links[edit]

  • Media related to Isopogon at Wikimedia Commons
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