Leucospermum

Leucospermum
Leucospermum conocarpodendron subsp. conocarpodendron on Table Mountain
Systematics
Order : Silver tree-like (Proteales) Family : Silver tree family (Proteaceae) Subfamily : Proteoideae Tribe : Leucadendreae Sub tribus : Leucadendrinae Genre : Leucospermum
Scientific name
Leucospermum
R.Br.

Leucospermum is a genus of plants withinthe silver tree family (Proteaceae). The approximately 50 species come up in a way only in South Africa before. Some species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens or as cut flowers and for them there are the common names silver seeds , pincushion silver trees or simply pincushions (the latter also with Hakea species).

description

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucospermum cordifolium .

Inflorescence of Leucospermum attenuatum .

Habit , leaves and inflorescences of Leucospermum bolusii .

Inflorescences of Leucospermum cuniforme .

Inflorescences of Leucospermum erubescens .

Inflorescence of Leucospermum formosum .

Inflorescence of Leucospermum glabrum .

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucospermum gueinzii .

Leucospermum heterophyllum inflorescences .

Inflorescence of Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. canaliculatum .

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucospermum muirii .

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucospermum oleifolium .

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucospermum patersonii .

Inflorescences of Leucospermum praecox .

Inflorescence of Leucospermum reflexum with the eponymous, curved back flowers.

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucospermum saxosum .

Inflorescences of Leucospermum tomentosum .

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucospermum tottum var. Glabrum .

Inflorescence of Leucospermum truncatulum .

Leucospermum species grow as smaller trees or shrubs , sometimes with many trunks or sometimes creeping. The leaves are alternate and arranged in a spiral on the branch. The leaf blades are often toothed at their upper end.

The relatively small bracts are spiraling on the inflorescence stem and do not envelop the flowers. At the branch ends, the hemispherical inflorescences are individually or few together depending on the species. The inflorescence axis (inflorescence base) is conical to flat. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fourfold. The four bracts are fused tubular. The upper three bracts are fused almost to the upper end, but the lower bract is enlarged and fused with the others only at the base. There are four stamens . The only fluffy hairy upper carpel contains only one pendulous ovule . The stylus , which is only indistinctly differentiated from the ovary, can be flattened and widens in the uppermost area into a conspicuous structure for secondary pollen presentation . The pollen presentation is upright, oblique or sideways, circular or conical with a narrow or wide edge.

The solitary nut fruits are egg-shaped to cylindrical and hairless or hairy tiny downy.

Systematics, occurrence and risk

The genus Leucospermum was established in 1810 by the British botanist Robert Brown in On the Proteaceae of Jussieu in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , Volume 10, pp. 95-104. The genus name Leucospermum is derived from the Greek words leukos for white and sperma for seeds, this refers to the white seeds of many species. Type species is Leucospermum hypophyllum R.Br. The genus name Leucospermum R.Br. nom. cons. and the type species is preserved according to the rules of the ICBN (Vienna ICBN Art. 14.9 & App. III).

The genus Leucospermum belongs to the subtribe Leucadendrinae from the tribe Leucadendreae in the subfamily Proteoideae within the family Proteaceae .

The distribution area of ​​the genus Leucospermum is southern Africa . The center of biodiversity are the southwest and southern areas of the Western Cape , some species are also found in the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal . Only one species, Leucospermum saxosum , also extends to Mozambique and Zimbabwe .

There are around 50 species of Leucospermum (with an assessment of the endangerment according to the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa):

• Leucospermum arenarium Rycroft : It occurs only in the Leipoldtville-Sand-Fynbos from Redelinghuys to Aurora and around Malmesbury in the Western Cape . It is rated as "Critically Endangered". By habitat loss due to agriculture about half of the population was lost until 1992, then went back about a third for the same reasons and invasive plant species , pollution and habitat degradation lost. It is predicted that climate change will cause this species to become extinct by 2025.
• Leucospermum bolusii Gand. : This rare endemic occurs only from Gordon's Bay to Kogel Bay in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone . It is potentially at risk from fire, invasive plant species, and urbanization. This species is considered to be "Near Threatened" because the stocks are stable.
• Leucospermum calligerum (Salisb. Ex Knight) Rourke : It is common in the Western Cape. It is rated as “Least Concern” = “not at risk” because its stocks are stable.
• Leucospermum catherinae Compton : It occurs from Cederberg to the Hex River Mountains in the Western Cape. Individual stocks are declining and some deposits have been rediscovered or rediscovered. It thrives in the Mediterranean climate in winter rainy areas with annual rainfall of over 1000 mm. This species is easily overlooked and precise information is not available. Overgrazing and fire damage individual stands. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) H.Buek : There are two subspecies:
  • Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) H.Buek subsp. conocarpodendron : This endemic occurs only on the northern Cape Peninsula. The only five populations are threatened by urbanization, fire, and invasive species. This variety is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
  • Leucospermum conocarpodendron subsp. viridum Rourke : It occurs in many localities in the Western Cape. Since it usually thrives in fynbos over sandstone on rocky locations, it stays cooler in a fire and the risk is lower. Agriculture, urbanization and invasive plant species have all shrinking populations, and this will continue. A location on the Cape Peninsula is protected. It is considered to be "Near Threatened".
• Leucospermum cordatum E. Phillips : This endemic occurs only in Kogelberg in the Western Cape. The only two locations are threatened by habitat degradation and loss as well as invasive species. This species is considered "Endangered" = "critically endangered".
• Leucospermum cordifolium (Salisb. Ex Knight) Fourc. : It only occurs from Kogelberg to Soetanysberg in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone. Excavating wild plants of this decorative species in particular has reduced the population to around a third, and this seems to be continuing. This species is considered to be "Near Threatened". There are many varieties of this species that are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. “Garden refugees” endanger the wild populations.
• Leucospermum cuneiforme (Burm.f.) Rourke : The distribution area is the Eastern Cape and Western Cape at altitudes between 0 and 1000 meters. The specimens are fire resistant. It is rated as “Least Concern” = “not at risk” because the stocks are stable.
• Leucospermum erubescens Rourke : The populations of this rare species are considered stable. It is a habitat specialist on north-facing slopes. This endemic occurs only in the northern Langeberg in the fynbos over sandstone in the Western Cape.
• Leucospermum formosum (Andrews) Sweet : It occurs only from the Riviersonderend to Outeniqua Mountains in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone mostly on moist slopes exposed to the south. Three of the six locations have already been lost. Many negative factors lead to a further reduction in stocks. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum fulgens Rourke : It occurs only in one location from Potberg to Cape Infanta in the Western Cape. In the fynbos it only thrives on colluvial soils . Invasive plant species worsen the site conditions. Fire and agriculture are further dangers for this species. It is rated as “Critically Endangered”.
• Leucospermum gerrardii Stapf : Their range differs from most species. It occurs in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga . There are sites in Barberton and Carolina, on the Swaziland layer level, in Mapumulo, Ndwedwe and New Hanover. It is a relatively common species where it was found. It thrives in the Ngongoni and Mistbelt grasslands on flat soils over sandstone at altitudes between 900 and 1100 meters together with serpentine rock . The specimens survive normal bush fires. Due to pine afforestation, pastures partly with overgrazing, too frequent fires and the naturally fragmented populations, this species is threatened and the populations have shrunk by about a third in the last 100 years. It is considered to be “Near Threatened”, although stocks are continuously decreasing.
• Leucospermum glabrum E. Phillips : It occurs only in the Outeniqua and Tsitsikamma mountains and thrives in the fynbos on moist southern slopes over sandstone. There are only fewer than 1000 fully grown specimens left. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum gracile (Salisb. Ex Knight) Rourke : It only occurs from the Kleinrivier Mountains to Bredasdorp in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone. The population has shrunk by about a third, but only a fifth of the areas are threatened by urbanization and invasive plant species. It is considered to be “Near Threatened”, although stocks are continuously decreasing.
• Leucospermum grandiflorum (Salisb.) R.Br. : It only occurs from Paardeberg to Paarl in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over granite. There are only five known locations. There is a risk from gathering, afforestation, arable farming and invasive plant species. The number of adult specimens and the quality of the habitats are declining. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum gueinzii Meisn. : It thrives in damp locations in the fynbos over slate or granite from Jonkershoek to Groenland mountains in the Western Cape. At the only five locations, the stocks continue to decline due to the expansion of vineyards and afforestation as well as invasive plant species. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum hamatum Rourke : This endemic occurs only in five locations on the Klein Moeras River and in the Outeniqua Mountains in the Western Cape. It only thrives in the fynbos of the southern Outeniqua sandstone area. The main threat comes from invasive plant species. The Hakea stocks have been removed, but they can re-immigrate from nearby stocks. It is also threatened by fire and habitat degradation. Leucospermum hamatum is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum harpagonatum Rourke : This endemic occurs only in the Riviersonderend Mountains near McGregor in the Western Cape and only thrives in the northern Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos. There is only one known location with currently only 200 fully grown specimens. This location is at risk from fire, habitat degradation and loss. Collecting for cut flowers, urbanization and an invasive ant species are causing stocks to decline. This is rated as "Critically Endangered".
• Leucospermum heterophyllum (Thunb.) Rourke : It occurs only from Elim to De Hoop in the Western Cape and thrives mainly in the "Elim Ferricrete Fynbos". Over the past 100 years, arable farming, overgrazing, urbanization, mining and invasive plant species have halved populations. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron (L.) Druce : There are two subspecies:
  • Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron subsp. canaliculatum (H.Buek ex Meisn.) Rourke : It occurs in Piketberg, Hopefield, Cape Flats, Riebeek-Kasteel and in the Breede River Valley in the Western Cape. It is considered "Vulnerable" = "at risk".
  • Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron (L.) Druce subsp. hypophyllocarpodendron : It occurs on the Cape Peninsula, on the Cape Plains, in the Berg River Valley and on the Elim coastal plains in the Western Cape. It is considered "Vulnerable" = "at risk".
• Leucospermum innovans Rourke : It occurs in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal . The main area is in Pondoland from the Umtamvuna River to Ntsubane. There are isolated sites near Paddock and Uvongo in southern KwaZulu-Natal. It thrives in the coastal belt of the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt mainly in the "Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld" in flat soils at altitudes between 100 and 600 meters. It is threatened by habitat degradation and loss caused by fire, agriculture and afforestation. The sites are fragmented. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum linear R.Br. : It occurs from Bain's Kloof to Hottentots Holland and in the Villiersdorp Mountains in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over granite. Many negative influences, for example collecting, affect the stocks. It is considered "Vulnerable" = "at risk" because the stocks are decreasing.
• Leucospermum muirii E. Phillips : It occurs only from Stilbaai to the Gourits River in the Western Cape and thrives mainly in the fynbos in the Albertinia sand area. There is only one known site with a few thousand specimens. This stock has already declined sharply due to many influences and it is assumed that this will also continue due to climate change. This species is considered "Endangered" = "critically endangered".
• Leucospermum mundii Meisn. : The stocks of this rare species are considered stable. It occurs only in the Langeberg chain in the fynbos over sandstone in the Western Cape.
• Leucospermum oleifolium (PJBergius) R.Br. : It occurs from Du Toit's Kloof to Caledon Swartberg in the Western Cape. It is rated as “Least Concern” = “not at risk” because the stocks are stable. Their varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.
• Leucospermum parile (Salisb. Ex Knight) Sweet : It occurs in Dassenberg and Paardeberg in the Western Cape. Mainly it thrives in the fynbos in the Atlantis sand area and survives well on disturbed areas. Urbanization, agriculture and invasive plants have reduced the population by around half, and this will also continue due to climate change. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum patersonii E. Phillips : It occurs from Kleinmond to Agulhas in the Western Cape and thrives in fynbos over limestone . Many negative influences, for example collecting, affect the stocks. It is considered "Vulnerable" = "at risk" because the stocks are decreasing.
• Leucospermum pedunculatum Klotzsch : It is common in the Western Cape. It is rated as “Least Concern” = “not at risk” because the stocks are stable.
• Leucospermum pluridens Rourke : It occurs only from Rooiberg to Robinson's Pass in the Western Cape. There are some fragmented small localities. It is considered "Near Threatened", although the stocks decreased for unknown reasons, but are now probably stable.
• Leucospermum praecox Rourke : It occurs from the Gourits River to Mossel Bay . It thrives in the fynbos on acidic tertiary sands in the limestone area near the coast. Many negative influences, for example collecting, affect the stocks. It is considered "Vulnerable" = "at risk" because the stocks are decreasing.
• Leucospermum praemorsum (Meisn.) E. Phillips : The distribution area extends from Namaqualand to the Cederberg, thus also including the North Cape and Western Cape . It thrives in dry fynbos and on dune ridges. Agriculture, overgrazing, fire and the abstraction of groundwater threaten the stocks. It is considered "Vulnerable" = "at risk" because the stocks are decreasing.
• Leucospermum profugum Rourke : This endemic thrives only in Piketberg at altitudes between 700 and 800 meters in well-drained locations with rock outcrops over sandstone. Fires endanger the only three known small populations. This species is considered "Endangered" = "critically endangered".
• Leucospermum prostratum (Thunb.) Stapf : It occurs from the Groenland Mountains to the Elim Plains in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos on sand or sandstone. Habitat degradation and loss as well as invasive plant species pose a threat. Urbanization endangers this speciesbetween Rooiels and Hermanus . It is considered "Vulnerable" = "endangered".
• Leucospermum reflexum H.Buek ex Meisn. : It occurs only in Pakhuis and the northern Cederberg range in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone. Except for one protected location, all stocks are threatened by the expansion of rooibos tea plantations. It is considered "Near Threatened" because the stocks are stable. There are two varieties:
• Leucospermum reflexum var. Luteum Rourke
• Leucospermum reflexum H.Buek ex Meisn. var. reflexum
• Leucospermum rodolentum (Salisb. Ex Knight) Rourke : The distribution area extends from Namaqualand to the Cape Peninsula. Due to habitat loss, caused by agriculture and the abstraction of groundwater, the populations have declined by about 30% and the areas by about 43% in the last 60 years. The populations are fragmented and the specimens increasingly die off in drought. It is considered "Vulnerable" = "at risk".
• Leucospermum royenifolium (Salisb. Ex Knight) Stapf : The distribution area is the Eastern Cape and Western Cape. It is rated as “Least Concern” = “not at risk” because the stocks are stable.
• Leucospermum saxatile (Salisb. Ex Knight) Rourke : This endemic occurs only on the Langeberg range on the Garcia's Pass and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone. Habitats were lost due to agriculture, so that only three locations remain and these are still endangered by fire and agriculture. This species is considered "Endangered" = "critically endangered".
• Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore : Their range differs greatly from the other species. It occurs in Mpumalanga and Limpopo in the Drakensberg and Zimbabwe as well as Mozambique. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
• Leucospermum secundifolium Rourke : The populations of this rare species are considered stable. It occurs only in the Klein Swartberg Mountains on mountain slopes and in the fynbos over sandstone in the Western Cape.
• Leucospermum spathulatum R.Br. : It occurs from Cederberg to Koue Bokkeveld and in Kwadousberg near Worcester in the Western Cape and thrives in fynbos over sandstone. The many small populations occur at higher altitudes. It is considered "Near Threatened", although stocks are decreasing.
• Leucospermum tomentosum (Thunb.) R.Br. : It occurs from Hopefield to Bokbaai in the Western Cape. It thrives on tertiary and young sandy areas on and near the coast at altitudes between 0 and 80 meters. This species, which is still relatively common, is currently declining in the population due to habitat loss, as arable farming is increasing near the coast. Invasive Acacia species pose a threat. It is considered "Vulnerable" = "at risk", since stocks are currently decreasing.
• Leucospermum tottum (L.) R.Br. : There are two varieties:
  • Leucospermum tottum var. Glabrum E. Phillips : This endemic occurs only in the "Western Hex River Mountains" in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone. The currently only 200 fully grown specimens are threatened by fire and invasive species. This variety is rated "Critically Endangered".
  • Leucospermum tottum (L.) R.Br. var. tottum : In the Western Cape it occurs in Cederberg, Koue Bokkeveld, Groot Winterhoek Mountains, Skurweberg, from the Hex River Mountains to the Du Toit's Kloof Mountains and Piketberg. It thrives in the fynbos over sandstone on mostly free-standing rocks. The abstraction of groundwater leads to the death of the specimens in some locations. This variety appears to be drought-resistant. Fires also reduce stocks. It is considered to be "Near Threatened".
• Leucospermum truncatulum (Salisb. Ex Knight) Rourke : It only occurs from Nuweberg to Soetanysberg in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone. Although the sites are protected, they arethreatened by foraging, invasive plant species and protea plantations. It is considered "Near Threatened", although stocks are decreasing.
• Leucospermum truncatum (H.Buek ex Meisn.) Rourke : It occurs in the Western Cape. It is rated as “Least Concern” = “not at risk” because the stocks are stable.
• Leucospermum utriculosum Rourke : It occurs in the Breede River Valley from Robertson to Stormsvlei and on the foothills of the Potberg in the Western Cape. It thrives at altitudes between 60 and 700 meters on dry, rocky northern slopes. It is rated as “Least Concern” = “not at risk” because the stocks are stable.
• Leucospermum vestitum (Lam.) Rourke : It only occurs from the Cederberg chain to the Breede River valley south of Wolseley in the Western Cape. The isolated stocks from Paarl to the Cape Peninsula were extinct 100 years ago. It thrives at different altitudes in the fynbos over sandstone and on alluvial soils. The stocks are endangered by fire, invasive plant species and arable farming. Specimen death due to drought has been observed. It is considered "Near Threatened", although stocks are decreasing.
• Leucospermum winteri Rourke : It occurs in the Langeberg chain, in Langkloof between Garcia's Pass and the Gourits River Valley in the Western Cape and thrives in the fynbos over sandstone. The ten or so populations are threatened by afforestation and invasive plant species. It is considered "Near Threatened" because the stocks are stable.
• Leucospermum wittebergense Compton : The distribution area is the Eastern Cape and Western Cape. It is rated as “Least Concern” = “not at risk” because the stocks are stable.

use

Some types of Leucospermum , for example Leucospermum cordifolium , Leucospermum erubescens , Leucospermum formosum , Leucospermum glabrum , Leucospermum grandiflorum , Leucospermum mundi , Leucospermum oleifolium , as well as their cut plants, gardens, parks , and their parks , Leucospermum oleifolium , Leucospermum , reflex flowers and reflex flowers .

swell

• SM Chisumpa, RK Brummitt & S. Marner: Proteaceae , In: Flora of Zimbabwe , Volume 9, 2006: Leucospermum - Volltext-Online. (Section description)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} SM Chisumpa, RK Brummitt & S. Marner: Proteaceae , In: Flora of Zimbabwe , Volume 9, 2006: Leucospermum - Volltext-Online.
2. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
3. ↑ Leucospermum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 30, 2013.
4. ↑ Leucospermum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
5. ^ D. Raimondo, L. von Staden, W. Foden, JE Victor, NA Helme, RC Turner, DA Kamundi & PA Manyama, 2009: Entry in the Red List of South African Plants of the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. last accessed on April 30, 2013
6. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pages 521-522).

Web links

Commons : Leucospermum  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Entry at biodiversityexplorer by Iziko.
• Pincushions - Leucospermum Gallery at Protea Atlas Prokekt .