Silver trees

Silver trees
	Leucadendron discolor
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Eudicotyledons
Order :	Silver tree-like (Proteales)
Family :	Silver tree family (Proteaceae)
Subfamily :	Proteoideae
Genre :	Silver trees
Scientific name
	Leucadendron
	R.Br.

The plant genus of the silver trees ( Leucadendron ), also called shimmer trees , belongs to the family of the silver tree plants (Proteaceae). The 84 or so species occur only in the Capensis . The real silver tree ( Leucadendron argenteum ) with its white hairy leaves gave the genus its name silver trees.

Description and ecology

Real silver tree ( Leucadendron argenteum ) on Table Mountain.

Inflorescences of a male Leucadendron loriense .

Infructescence of the real silver tree ( Leucadendron argenteum ).

Seeds of the real silver tree ( Leucadendron argenteum ).

Appearance and leaves

Silver tree species are woody plants and grow as shrubs or trees . Most of the silver tree species stand together in dense stands and during the flowering period they shape the landscape.

The silver tree species are dioecious, separate sexes ( diocesan ). The specimens of both sexes look little to very different depending on the species ( sex dimorphism ). The male specimens are usually more branched and often slightly larger than the female. The leaves are simple. The leaves are often smaller on male specimens.

Inflorescences and flowers

The greatest visual effect with Leucadendron during the flowering period have the leaves directly under the inflorescences, which are bright yellow in many species during this time. In the terminal, cone-shaped inflorescences there are spirally arranged bracts , which are surrounded by more or less conspicuous, green to tan-colored bracts . There is a flower above each wrapper, which it envelops to protect it. In male inflorescences, the bracts are inconspicuous. The male inflorescences are often smaller than the female and wither after anthesis . The male inflorescences open before the female ones and the flowering time of the female inflorescences is short. The unisexual flowers are more or less radial symmetry . The bracts are fused to form a tube over about half their length. The male flowers have a reduced gynoeceum , while the stylus is used for the secondary pollen presentation. In the female flowers, the stylus is straight or slightly curved with a long end section that usually has a slot at the top to receive the pollen. The difference in the inflorescences of both sexes promotes cross- pollination . Depending on the species, pollination takes place by insects or by the wind.

Fruits and seeds

Female specimens form woody, cone-shaped fruit clusters. In many species the fruits remain in the fruit cluster for a long time. (The fruits are important in the sometimes difficult species identification.) Some species have a flat fruit with wings or only clear edges and the others a nut fruit . The fruits can be hairy or glabrous. The hard, lignified fruit clusters can sometimes protect the seeds for years, for example to prevent them from being eaten by birds or rodents. In some species the fruit clusters only open after bush fires. In many species, the seeds are collected by rodents and thus spread. The large seeds of Leucadendron argenteum fly and are spread by the wind. In a few species the seeds have an elaiosome ; then there is myrmecochory .

Distribution map of the genus that occurs only in the Capensis.

Systematics, distribution and endangerment

The genus Leucadendron was established by Robert Brown in 1810 in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , Volume 10, p. 50. Type species is Leucadendron argenteum (L.) R.Br. Homonyms are Leucadendron L. (published in Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 91) and Leucadendron Kuntze (published in Revisio Generum Plantarum , 2, 1891, p. 578.)

All 84 species of Leucadendron today occur in South Africa only in the Capensis . The center of biodiversity is the Western Cape Province . All Leucadendron species are listed in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species with different classifications (last survey 2006 or 2011 depending on the species). 13 species and subspecies are critically endangered, but are kept under conservation in botanical gardens. Two species became extinct before they could be cultivated.

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucadendron eucalyptifolium

Habit and leaves of Leucadendron levisanus ; it is threatened with extinction.

Habit and leaves of Leucadendron meridanium

Habit and leaves of Leucadendron modestum

Leucadendron pubescens , male specimen with inflorescences, Clanwilliam, South Africa

Cone-shaped inflorescence of Leucadendron salicifolium

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucadendron salignum

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucadendron sessile

Habit, leaves and fruit heads of a female Leucadendron strobilinum

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucadendron tinctum

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Leucadendron xanthoconus

The genus Leucadendron is divided into two sections with a total of 13 subsections, there is also the view of dividing the genus into two subgenera with a total of 13 sections, and contains around 84 species and eleven subspecies:

Section Alatosperma :

Alata subsection : It contains about 20 species:

Leucadendron coniferum (L.) Meisn. (Syn .: Leucadendron inflexum Link , Leucadendron sabulosum T.M.Salter ): It was rated in 2006 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Vulnerable". It occurs in the fynbos in the Western Cape from the Cape Peninsula to Soetanysberg.

Leucadendron cryptocephalum Guthrie : In 2006 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. There are only two known distribution areas in the Groenland Mountains and in Potberg in the Western Cape. Individual sites are only known from herbarium specimens. In 2006 they were still available at two locations, but their stocks werereducedby bushfires . At the other sites, the stocks are probably extinguished. Only the Diepkloof population on the Potberg is in a nature reserve. Overgrazing and invasive plant species also endanger populations. It thrives in the fynbos.

Leucadendron diemontianum I.A.Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron discolor E. Phillips & Hutch. : In 2011 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron eucalyptifolium Buek ex Meisn. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Leucadendron flexuosum I.J.Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron foedum I.J.Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Vulnerable".

Leucadendron gandogeri Schinz ex Gand. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Leucadendron lanigerum H.Buek ex Meisn. : There are two varieties:

Leucadendron lanigerum var. Laevigatum Meisn. : It thrives in fynbos. In 2006 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. There was a reduction of more than 80% in this earlier common species in the 1960s up to 2006 with a loss of 81% in sites that are known from herbarium evidence. In total, an area of 33 km² is settled. There is habitat loss , habitat degradation and the number of adult specimens is decreasing. The populations are threatened by vineyard expansion, mining, invasive plant species, habitat fragmentation , pollution and brush fires. Most of the populations are found on the river sediments in the valley of the Breede River from Tulbagh to Wolseley in the Western Cape.

Leucadendron lanigerum H.Buek ex Meisn. var. lanigerum : In 2011 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron laureolum Fourc. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Leucadendron meridianum I.J.Williams : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Leucadendron modestum I.J.Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron procerum (Knight) IAWilliams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Vulnerable".

Leucadendron salignum P.J.Bergius : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Leucadendron spissifolium I.J.Williams : It contains two to five subspecies:

Leucadendron spissifolium subsp. fragrans I.Williams : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Leucadendron spissifolium subsp. natalense (Thode & Gilg) I.Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Near Threatened”.

Leucadendron spissifolium subsp. oribinum I.Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Vulnerable".

Leucadendron spissifolium subsp. phillipsii (Hutch.) I. Williams : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Leucadendron spissifolium I.J.Williams subsp. spissifolium : It is rated “Least Concern” = “not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron stelligerum I.J.Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Critically Endangered" = "threatened with extinction".

Leucadendron strobilinum (L.) Druce : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Near Threatened”.

Leucadendron xanthoconus K.Schum. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Brunneobracteata subsection : it contains only one species:
Leucadendron microcephalum Gand. & Schinz : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Subsection Compressa : It contains about nine species:

Leucadendron climaticum H.Buek ex Meisn. : There is only one known location on soils above sandstone at an altitude of 1300 meters in the Riviersonderend Mountains.

Leucadendron comosum R.Br. : Maybe with the subspecies:

Leucadendron comosum R.Br. subsp. comosum : It is rated “Least Concern” = “not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron comosum subsp. homaeophyllum : It was rated "Critically Endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa in 2006.

Leucadendron immoderatum Rourke : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron muirii E. Phillips : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Leucadendron nobile I.A.Williams : It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron osbornei Rourke : It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron platyspermum R.Br. : In 2011 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron spirale (Salisb. Ex Knight) IAWilliams (Syn .: Leucadendron scabrum R.Br.): It was declared in 2006 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa for "Extinct" = "extinct". There were collections in 1801 and 1819, and it was last seen in 1933. The search in the 1960s and 1990s, as well as the offering of a price of 1000 rand, were unsuccessful. It only thrived on wet locations in the Breede River Valley between Wolseley and Botha in the Fynbos in the Western Cape.

Leucadendron teretifolium I.A.Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Trigona subsection : it contains about nine species:

Leucadendron conicum (Lam.) IAWilliams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Near Threatened”.

Leucadendron floridum R.Br. : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron loeriense I.A.Williams : It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron macowanii E. Phillips : In 2006 it was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron pondoense A.E.van Wyk : In 2011 it was rated as "Vulnerable" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron radiatum E. Phillips & Hutch. : In 2011 it was rated as "Endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron rourkei I.A.Williams : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Leucadendron salicifolium (Salisb.) IAWilliams : It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron uliginosum R.Br. :

Leucadendron uliginosum subsp. glabratum : In 2011 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron uliginosum R.Br. subsp. uliginosum : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Leucadendron Section :

Aliena subsection : It contains only two types:

Leucadendron singulare Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Vulnerable".

Leucadendron sorocephalodes E. Phillips & Hutch. : In 2011 it was rated “Near Threatened” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Subsection Carinata : It contains only two species (both species with myrmecochory ):

Leucadendron nitidum H.Buek ex Meisn. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Leucadendron sericeum (Thunb.) R.Br. : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Subsection Cuneata : It contains three types:

Leucadendron corymbosum P.J.Bergius : It was rated in 2009 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Vulnerable".

Leucadendron laxum Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Endangered".

Leucadendron verticillatum Meisn. : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Subsection Leucadendron : It contains four types:

Leucadendron album (Thunb.) Fourc. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Real silver tree ( Leucadendron argenteum (L.) R.Br.) : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Endangered".

Leucadendron dregei E. Mey. ex Meisn. : In 2011 it was rated as "Endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron rubrum Burm. f. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Subsection Membranacea : It contains four types:

Leucadendron arcuatum (Lam.) Williams : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Leucadendron bonum I.A.Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron crassulaefolium (Salisb. Ex Knight) I. Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Near Threatened”.

Leucadendron pubescens R.Br. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Leucadendron remotum I.J.Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Endangered".

Nervosa subsection : it contains only one species:
Leucadendron nervosum E. Phillps & Hutch. : In 2011 it was rated “Near Threatened” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Nucifera subsection : it contains about 16 species:

Leucadendron barkerae I.A.Williams : It is rated “Least Concern” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron burchellii I.J.Williams : In 2011 it was rated as “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron cadens I.A.Williams It was rated in 2005 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Rare" = "rare, but not endangered".

Leucadendron cordatum E.Phillips In 2005 it was rated “Rare” = “rare, but not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron daphnoides (Thunb.) Meisn. : In 2011 it was rated as "Endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron glaberrimum (Schltr.) Compton : Maybe with the subspecies:

Leucadendron glaberrimum subsp. erubescens : It is rated “Least Concern” = “not endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron glaberrimum (Schltr.) Compton subsp. glaberrimum : It is rated “Least Concern” = “not endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron gydoense I.A.Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Endangered".

Leucadendron loranthifolium (Salisb. Ex Knight) Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Near Threatened”.

Leucadendron meyerianum H.Buek ex Philips & Hutch : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Endangered".

Leucadendron orientale I.A.Williams : In 2011 it was rated as "Endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron pubibracteolatum : In 2011 it was rated “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron roodii E.Phillips : In 2011 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron sheilae I.A.Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Vulnerable".

Leucadendron sessile R.Br. : In 2011 it was rated “Near Threatened” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron tinctum I.J.Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron tradouwense I.A.Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Subsection Uniflora : It contains only one or two species:

Leucadendron ericifolium R.Br. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Leucadendron olens I.J.Williams : In 2011 it was rated as “Near Threatened” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Ventricosa subsection : It contains about three species:

Leucadendron chamelaea (Lam.) Williams (Syn .: Leucadendron decurrens R.Br. ): It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Critically Endangered" = "threatened with extinction". It thrives in fynbos only in Koue Bokkeveld and Franschhoek Valley in the Western Cape. The last decimation of a stock by at least 60% was due to a habitat loss of 55% due to the expansion of agriculture. In 52% of the sites known from herbarium evidence, the stocks have expired. The remaining locations are separated from each other by streets. For example, in 2004 at least 30% of the remaining stocks at that time were destroyed during road construction and through measures in agriculture. Some stands that are located between agricultural areas are endangered by, for example, draining wetlands, overgrazing and invasive plant species. This species will probably only survive in very small locations. Most of the locations are on the river deposits of the Breede River .

Leucadendron elimense Philips : It contains three subspecies:

Leucadendron elimense Philips subsp. elimense : In 2011 it was rated “Endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron elimense subsp. salteri Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron elimense subsp. yveboomense Williams : In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron globosum I.A.Williams : It thrives in the fynbos on southern slopes in the Elgin Valley in the Western Cape. In 2006 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. It is assumed that there will be a reduction in stocks of over 80% in the 60 years up to 2006. The area size was reduced by 94% to 55 km². The habitat loss is 89%, there is habitat degradation. The decrease is due to arable farming and forestry, invasive plant species and changes in the population dynamics of the indigenous species. The approximately 180 full-grown specimens only exist in four small, strongly isolated locations. The number of flowering specimens is constantly decreasing.

Leucadendron grandiflorum (Salisb.) R.Br. : It was declared in 2006 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa for "Extinct" = "extinct". It was last seen in 1806. Little is known about the ecology and habitat of this species. It probably occurred on floors above granite in the fynbos on Wynberg Hill's on the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape. The cause for the extinction of the stocks is probably the expansion of the vineyards.

Villosa subsection : it contains about ten species:

Leucadendron brunioides Meisn .: There are two subspecies:

Leucadendron brunioides Meisn. var. brunioides : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Leucadendron brunioides var. Flumenlupinum I.Williams : It was "threatened with extinction" in the Red List of endangered plant species in South Africa as "Critically Endangered" = 2011 rated.

Leucadendron cinereum R.Br. : In 2011 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron concavum I.J.Williams : It was rated in 2011 in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Endangered".

Leucadendron coriaceum E. Phillips & Hutch. : In 2011 it was rated as "Endangered" in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron dubium (Buek ex Meisn) Phillips & Hutch. : It is rated in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa as "Least Concern" = "not endangered".

Leucadendron galpinii E. Phillps & Hutch. : In 2011 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron levisianum (L.) PJBergius : It thrives on the sandy Cape Plain in the fynbos in or near wetlands. In 2006 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. The reduction in stocks over the past 50 years has been over 70%. This is caused by habitat loss as well as habitat degradation and invasive plant species. Since there are hardly any suitable protective measures, the number of specimens is constantly decreasing. Urbanization, road construction, abstraction of groundwater, pollution and collection of firewood are mentioned as the main factors.

Leucadendron linifolium (Jacq.) R.Br. : In 2011 it was rated “Vulnerable” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

Leucadendron stellare Sweet (Syn .: Leucadendron empetrifolium Gand. , Leucadendron imbricatum R.Br. , Leucadendron polygaloides Link ): It thrives in the fynbos from Aurora to the Cape Plain in the Western Cape. In 2006 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. The reduction has been at least 81% over the past 100 years. This is caused by habitat loss as well as habitat degradation, environmental pollution and invasive plant species. The remaining populations are small and isolated, 23% of them contain fewer than ten specimens, this is particularly true for the southern range. In the northern range there are larger populations, which are mainly reduced by potato cultivation. This species grows relatively slowly and cannot flower until late.

Leucadendron thymifolium I.A. Williams : It thrives in the fynbos on seasonally humid locations at roadsides, depending on the fact that these are not mowed or otherwise disturbed, for example by fire. In the Western Cape it occurs between Dassenberg and Klipheuwel. In 2011 it was rated “Critically Endangered” on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa. Today's total area covers 65 km². Most populations have been adversely affected by road and urban construction, expansion of agriculture, and invasive plant species. Climate change models predict that this species will be extinct around 2025.

use

Varieties of some species and hybrids are used as ornamental plants in subtropical parks and gardens. Some varieties are used as cut flowers.

literature

Colin Paterson-Jones: Protea , Struik, 2007. ISBN 978-1-77007-524-5 : limited preview in the Google book search
Nigel P. Barker, Alain Vanderpoorten, Cynthia M. Morton & John P. Rourke: Phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of life-history traits in Leucadendron (Proteaceae) , In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 33, Issue 3, 2004 , Pp. 845–860: doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.07.007 full text PDF.
Tony Rebelo: Proteas - A field guide to the Proteas of Southern Africa . Fernwood Press, 1995, ISBN 1-874950-02-4 (softcover), ISBN 1-874950-18-0 (hardcover)
Keith Coates Palgrave: Trees of southern Africa 2nd edition. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 1988, pp. 149-156. ISBN 0-86977-081-0
Datasheet Identifying Conebushes - Leucadendron at the ProteaAtlas project.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nigel P. Barker, Alain Vanderpoorten, Cynthia M. Morton & John P. Rourke: Phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of life-history traits in Leucadendron (Proteaceae) , In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 33 , Issue 3, 2004, pp. 845-860: doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.07.007
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Colin Paterson-Jones: Protea , Struik, 2007. ISBN 978-1-77007-524-5 : limited preview in the Google book search
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f data sheet Identifying Conebushes - Leucadendron at the ProteaAtlas project.
↑ Leucadendron at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 19, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb Species list for Leucadendron in the Red List of South African Plants . Classified by: AG Rebelo, NA Helme, PM Holmes, CN Forshaw, SH Richardson, D. Raimondo, DIW Euston-Brown, JE Victor, W. Foden, I. Ebrahim, B. Bomhard, EGH Oliver, A. Johns, J . van der Venter, R. van der Walt, C. von Witt, AB Low, C. Paterson-Jones, JP Rourke, AN Hitchcock, L. Potter, JH Vlok & D. Pillay, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2014 Leucadendron , National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants .
↑ Leucadendron in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 19, 2014.

Web links

Commons : Silver Trees ( Leucadendron ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Characteristics. (engl.)

[Barker2004-1] Nigel P. Barker, Alain Vanderpoorten, Cynthia M. Morton & John P. Rourke: Phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of life-history traits in Leucadendron (Proteaceae) , In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 33 , Issue 3, 2004, pp. 845-860: doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.07.007

[Paterson-Jones2007-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Colin Paterson-Jones: Protea , Struik, 2007. ISBN 978-1-77007-524-5 : limited preview in the Google book search

[ProteaAtlas-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f data sheet Identifying Conebushes - Leucadendron at the ProteaAtlas project.

[Tropicos-4] Leucadendron at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 19, 2014.

[Redlist-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb Species list for Leucadendron in the Red List of South African Plants . Classified by: AG Rebelo, NA Helme, PM Holmes, CN Forshaw, SH Richardson, D. Raimondo, DIW Euston-Brown, JE Victor, W. Foden, I. Ebrahim, B. Bomhard, EGH Oliver, A. Johns, J . van der Venter, R. van der Walt, C. von Witt, AB Low, C. Paterson-Jones, JP Rourke, AN Hitchcock, L. Potter, JH Vlok & D. Pillay, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2014 Leucadendron , National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants .

[GRIN-6] Leucadendron in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 19, 2014.