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{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Pandyadhiraja
| title = Pandyadhiraja
| image =
| image =
| caption =
| caption =
| reign = 590–620 CE
| reign = c. 590–620 CE
| successor = [[Avani Sulamani]]
| successor = [[Avani Sulamani|Maravarman Avanisulamani]]
| spouse 1 =
| spouse 1 =
| religion = [[Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism]]
| religion = [[Saivism]]
| issue = Avani Sulamani
| issue = [[Maravarman Avanisulamani]]
| dynasty = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]]
| dynasty = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]]
}}
}}
{{Pandyan}}
{{Pandyan}}
Line 17: Line 17:
| last = Majumdar
| last = Majumdar
| first = Ramesh Chandra
| first = Ramesh Chandra
| authorlink = R. C. Majumdar
| author-link = R. C. Majumdar
| title = Ancient India
| title = Ancient India
| publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]]
| publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]]
| origyear = 1968
| orig-year = 1968
| year = 1987
| year = 1987
| oclc = 3756513
| oclc = 3756513
| isbn = 978-81-208-0436-4
| isbn = 978-81-208-0436-4
| pages = 395
| pages = 395
}}</ref>
⚫
}}</ref> Most historians, including [[R. C. Majumdar]], state the period of Kadungon rule as 590–620 CE.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |page=45-46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book

Kadungon's title was "Pandyadhiraja",<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=K A Nilakanta|title=The Culture and History of the Tamils|publisher=K.L. Mukhopadhyay|year=1964|pages=20|oclc=17907908}}</ref> and his capital was [[Madurai]]. He was succeeded by his son [[Avani Sulamani|Maravarman Avanisulamani]].<ref name="PN_Chopra_South" />

== Dates ==
⚫
Most historians, including [[R. C. Majumdar]], state the period of Kadungon rule as 590–620 CE.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |page=45-46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Majumdar
| last = Majumdar
| first = Ramesh Chandra
| first = Ramesh Chandra
| authorlink = R. C. Majumdar
| author-link = R. C. Majumdar
|author2=Achut Dattatraya Pusalker |author3=Asoke Kumar Majumdar
|author2=Achut Dattatraya Pusalker |author3=Asoke Kumar Majumdar
| title = The History and Culture of the Indian People
| title = The History and Culture of the Indian People
| publisher = [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
| publisher = [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
| origyear =
| year = 1977
| year = 1977
| oclc = 59089562
| oclc = 59089562
Line 50: Line 54:
| first = Sheldon Ivan
| first = Sheldon Ivan
| title = Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
| title = Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
| url = https://archive.org/details/literarycultures00poll
| url-access = limited
| publisher = [[University of California Press]]
| publisher = [[University of California Press]]
| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| oclc = 46828947
| oclc = 46828947
| isbn = 978-0-520-22821-4
| isbn = 978-0-520-22821-4
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/literarycultures00poll/page/n342 306]
| pages = 306
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (the first assumption) — c. 600&ndash;620 CE{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=41}}
⚫
The [[Sangam literature]] mentions the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|early Pandya dynasty]], which is believed to have gone into obscurity during the [[Kalabhra interregnum]]. The last known king of this dynasty was [[Ugrapperuvaludi]]. Kadungon is the next known Pandyan king.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=115}} Not much information is available about him.<ref>{{cite book
* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] (revised date) — c. 590&ndash;620 CE{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=165}}
* [[Noboru Karashima]] — c. 560&ndash;90 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}} (or) c. 590&ndash;620 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=86}}

== Velvikudi Grant ==
⚫
The [[Sangam literature]] mentions the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|early Pandya dynasty]], which is believed to have gone into obscurity during the [[Kalabhra interregnum]]. The last known king of this dynasty was [[Ugrapperuvaludi]].{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1994|p=115}}

Kadungon is the next known Pandyan king.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1994|p=115}} Not much information is available about him.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Tripathi
| last = Tripathi
| first = Rama Shankar
| first = Rama Shankar
| title = History of Ancient India
| title = History of Ancient India
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| origyear = 1942
| orig-year = 1942
| year = 1999
| year = 1999
| oclc = 43890119
| oclc = 43890119
Line 72: Line 85:
| title = History of South India
| title = History of South India
| publisher = S. Chand & Company Ltd.
| publisher = S. Chand & Company Ltd.
| origyear = 1979
| orig-year = 1979
| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| oclc = 6357526
| oclc = 6357526
Line 81: Line 94:
| title = Epigraphia Indica Vol. XVII
| title = Epigraphia Indica Vol. XVII
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| origyear = 1924
| orig-year = 1924
| year = 1983
| year = 1983
| pages = 291–309
| pages = 291–309
}}</ref> It describes him as the one who liberated the Pandya country from the Kalabhras and emerged as a "resplendent sun from the dark clouds of the Kalabhras".<ref name="T_Padmaja_Krishana">{{cite book|title=Temple of Krishna in South India: History, Art and Traditions in Tamilnadu|last=Padmaja|first=T.|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|location=|pages=44|oclc=52039112|via=}}</ref> His defeat of Kalabhras (who were probably [[Jain]]s or [[Buddhist]]s) was hailed as the triumph of [[Brahmanism]].<ref>{{cite book
}}</ref> It describes him as the one who liberated the Pandya country from the Kalabhras and emerged as a "resplendent sun from the dark clouds of the Kalabhras".<ref name="T_Padmaja_Krishana">{{cite book|title=Temple of Krishna in South India: History, Art and Traditions in Tamilnadu|last=Padmaja|first=T.|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|pages=44|oclc=52039112}}</ref> His defeat of Kalabhras (who were probably [[Jain]]s or [[Buddhist]]s) was hailed as the triumph of [[Shaivism]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ramaswamy
| last = Ramaswamy
| first = Vijaya
| first = Vijaya
Line 94: Line 107:
| pages = 69
| pages = 69
}}</ref>
}}</ref>

Kadungon's title was "Pandyadhiraja",<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sastri
| first = K A Nilakanta
| title = The Culture and History of the Tamils
| publisher = K.L. Mukhopadhyay
| year = 1964
| oclc = 17907908
| pages = 20
}}</ref> and his capital was [[Madurai]]. He was succeeded by his son [[Avani Sulamani]].<ref name="PN_Chopra_South"/>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 110: Line 113:
=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===


* {{cite book |author=N. Subrahmanian |title=History of Tamilnad (To A. D. 1336) |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306 |year=1994 |publisher=Koodal |location=Madurai |oclc=43502446 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=The Pandyan Kingdom|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5955|year=1929 |publisher= Luzac and Company|location=London}}
* {{cite book |editor=Noburu Karashima|title= A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book|author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ|year=1958|location=Madras|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=N. Subrahmanian |title=History of Tamilnad (To A. D. 1336) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3BDAAAAYAAJ |year=1994 |orig-year=1962 |publisher=Koodal |location=Madurai |oclc=43502446 |access-date=13 August 2016}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462306 Available online]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 13:07, 15 September 2023

Kadungon or Kadunkon was also the name an earlier Pandya king, mentioned in the Sangam literature.

Kadungon
Pandyadhiraja
Reignc. 590–620 CE
SuccessorMaravarman Avanisulamani
IssueMaravarman Avanisulamani
DynastyPandya
ReligionSaivism
Pandya dynasty
Early Pandya polity
Early Medieval Pandyas

Kadungon was a Pandya king who revived the Pandya rule in South India in the 6th century CE. Along with the Pallava king Simhavishnu, he is credited with ending the Kalabhra rule, marking the beginning of a new era in the Tamil speaking region.[1]

Kadungon's title was "Pandyadhiraja",[2] and his capital was Madurai. He was succeeded by his son Maravarman Avanisulamani.[3]

Dates[edit]

Most historians, including R. C. Majumdar, state the period of Kadungon rule as 590–620 CE.[4][5][6][7]

Velvikudi Grant[edit]

The Sangam literature mentions the early Pandya dynasty, which is believed to have gone into obscurity during the Kalabhra interregnum. The last known king of this dynasty was Ugrapperuvaludi.[12]

Kadungon is the next known Pandyan king.[12] Not much information is available about him.[13] Most of the knowledge about him comes from the Velvikudi inscription of the Pandya king Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan (also Nedunjadaiyan or Nedunchezhiyan). According to this inscription, Kadungon defeated several petty chieftains and destroyed "the bright cities of unbending foes".[3][14] It describes him as the one who liberated the Pandya country from the Kalabhras and emerged as a "resplendent sun from the dark clouds of the Kalabhras".[15] His defeat of Kalabhras (who were probably Jains or Buddhists) was hailed as the triumph of Shaivism.[16]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1987) [1968]. Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 395. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4. OCLC 3756513.
  2. ^ Sastri, K A Nilakanta (1964). The Culture and History of the Tamils. K.L. Mukhopadhyay. p. 20. OCLC 17907908.
  3. ^ a b Chopra, Pran Nath; T.K. Ravindran; N. Subrahmanian (2003) [1979]. History of South India. S. Chand & Company Ltd. p. 79. ISBN 81-219-0153-7. OCLC 6357526.
  4. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 45-46. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  5. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Achut Dattatraya Pusalker; Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1977). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 267. OCLC 59089562.
  6. ^ Perera, L. H. Horace; M Ratnasabapathy (1954). Ceylon & Indian history from early times to 1505 A.D. Colombo: W.M.A. Wahid. p. 161. OCLC 12935788.
  7. ^ Pollock, Sheldon Ivan (2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. pp. 306. ISBN 978-0-520-22821-4. OCLC 46828947.
  8. ^ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1929, p. 41.
  9. ^ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1958, p. 165.
  10. ^ Noburu Karashima 2014, pp. 370.
  11. ^ Noburu Karashima 2014, pp. 86.
  12. ^ a b N. Subrahmanian 1994, p. 115.
  13. ^ Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1999) [1942]. History of Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 483. ISBN 978-81-208-0018-2. OCLC 43890119.
  14. ^ Rao Bahadur H. Krishna Sastri, ed. (1983) [1924]. Epigraphia Indica Vol. XVII. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 291–309.
  15. ^ Padmaja, T. (2002). Temple of Krishna in South India: History, Art and Traditions in Tamilnadu. Abhinav Publications. p. 44. ISBN 978-81-7017-398-4. OCLC 52039112.
  16. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1997). Walking Naked: Women, Society, Spirituality in South India. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 69. ISBN 978-81-85952-39-0. OCLC 37442864.

Bibliography[edit]

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