Hera and User talk:194.116.199.218: Difference between pages
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== March 2008 == |
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{{Otheruses|Hera (disambiguation)}} |
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[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to [[:Elderslie]], did not appear to be constructive and has been '''automatically [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]''' by [[User:ClueBot|ClueBot]]. Please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. {{User:ClueBot/Tracker}} '''If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|report it here]] and then remove this warning from your talk page.''' If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: [[Elderslie]] was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elderslie&diff=197434068&oldid=188682020 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/194.116.199.218|194.116.199.218]] [[User:194.116.199.218|(u)]] [[User talk:194.116.199.218|(t)]] deleting 8729 characters on 2008-03-11T08:40:23+00:00 <!-- MySQL ID: 269721 -->. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-cluebotwarning1 --><!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:ClueBot|ClueBot]] ([[User talk:ClueBot|talk]]) 08:40, 11 March 2008 (UTC) |
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{{Infobox Greek deity| |
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| Image = Hera Campana Louvre Ma2283.jpg |
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| Caption = The ''Campana Hera'', a [[Roman]] copy of a [[Hellenistic]] original, from the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]] |
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| Name = Hera |
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| God_of = '''Goddess of the Home''' |
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| Abode = [[Mount Olympus]] |
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| Symbol = [[Cow]], [[Peacock]] |
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| Consort = [[Zeus]] |
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| Parents = [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] |
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| Siblings = [[Poseidon]], [[Hades]], [[Demeter]], [[Hestia]], [[Zeus]] |
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| Children= |
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| Mount = |
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| Roman_equivalent = [[Juno]] |
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}} |
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<br> |
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In the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian pantheon]] of classical [[Greek Mythology]], '''Hera''' ({{pronEng|ˈhɪərə}} or {{IPA|/ˈhɛrə/}}, [[Greek language|Greek]] {{polytonic|Ήρα}}) or '''Here''' ({{polytonic|Ήρη}} in [[Ionic dialect|Ionic]] and [[Homeric dialect|Homer]]) was the wife and older sister of [[Zeus]]. Her chief function was as goddess of women and marriage. In [[Roman mythology]], [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] was the equivalent mythical character. The cow and, later, the [[peacock]] were sacred to her. |
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[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to [[:Daz (detergent)]]. Your edits have been '''automatically''' marked as [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|unconstructive/possible vandalism]] and have been '''automatically''' [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. {{User:ClueBot/Tracker}} '''If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|report it here]] and then remove this warning from your talk page.''' If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: [[Daz (detergent)]] was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daz+%28detergent%29&diff=197721766&oldid=195612811 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/194.116.199.218|194.116.199.218]] [[User:194.116.199.218|(u)]] [[User talk:194.116.199.218|(t)]] making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-03-12T14:27:15+00:00 <!-- MySQL ID: 272025 -->. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-cluebotwarning2 --><!-- Template:uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:ClueBot|ClueBot]] ([[User talk:ClueBot|talk]]) 14:27, 12 March 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|left]] Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body?diff=197731434 this edit]</span> to [[:Human body]]. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. <!-- Template:uw-huggle3 --> '''-''' <font size="+1" color="red">✰</font><strong style="letter-spacing:1px;font-family:Verdana">[[User:Allstarecho|ALLSTAR]]</strong><font size="+1" color="red">✰</font> <sup><small>[[User_talk:Allstarecho|echo]]</small></sup> 15:20, 12 March 2008 (UTC) |
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Hera was born of [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], but was swallowed by her father after birth due to a prophecy that one of his children would take over the throne. Zeus was not swallowed because of a plan hatched by Rhea and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]. The former wrapped a stone in baby clothes and gave it to Cronus. Zeus, meanwhile, was moved to a cave on [[Crete]]. Rhea later gave Cronus a herb which, she said, could make him completely invincible, but it actually made him regurgitate the five other [[Olympians]]: [[Hestia]], [[Demeter]], Hera, [[Hades]] and [[Poseidon]], as well as the previously ingested stone. When Zeus grew older, he banished Cronus to [[Tartarus]], the deepest chasm in the underworld, because the [[Titans]] were immortal and could not be killed. |
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== March 2008 == |
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Portrayed as majestic and solemn, often enthroned, and crowned with the ''[[polos]]'' (a high cylindrical crown worn by several of the [[Great Goddess]]es), Hera may bear in her hand the [[pomegranate]], emblem of fertile blood and death, and a substitute for the narcotic capsule of the [[opium]] poppy.<ref>Ruck, Carl A.P., and Danny Staples, ''The World of Classical Myth'', 1994.</ref> Greek mythology scholar [[Walter Burkert]] writes in ''Greek Religion'', "Nevertheless, there are memories of an earlier aniconic representation, as a pillar in Argos and as a plank in Samos".<ref>[[Walter Burkert]], ''Greek Religion'', Cahners Business Information, Inc., 1985, p. 131</ref> |
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[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to [[:Andorinha Sport Club]], did not appear to be constructive and has been '''automatically [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]''' by [[User:ClueBot|ClueBot]]. Please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. {{User:ClueBot/Tracker}} '''If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|report it here]] and then remove this warning from your talk page.''' If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: [[Andorinha Sport Club]] was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andorinha+Sport+Club&diff=200753961&oldid=184389367 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/194.116.199.218|194.116.199.218]] [[User:194.116.199.218|(u)]] [[User talk:194.116.199.218|(t)]] making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2008-03-25T08:40:11+00:00 <!-- MySQL ID: 286002 -->. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-cluebotwarning1 --><!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:ClueBot|ClueBot]] ([[User talk:ClueBot|talk]]) 08:40, 25 March 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Information.png|25px|left]] The <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorinha_Sport_Club?diff=200753978 recent edit]</span> you made to [[:Andorinha Sport Club]] constitutes [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for testing. Thanks. <!-- Template:uw-huggle2 --> '''[[User:MBisanz|<span style='color: #FFFF00;background-color: #0000FF;'>MBisanz</span>]]''' <sup>[[User talk:MBisanz|<span style='color: #FFA500;'>talk</span>]]</sup> 08:40, 25 March 2008 (UTC)) |
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Hera was well known for her jealous and vengeful nature, most notably against Zeus's paramours and offspring, but also against mortals who crossed her, like [[Pelias]] and arguably even [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]], who offended her by choosing [[Aphrodite]] as the most beautiful of goddesses, thus earning her hatred. |
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[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|left]] Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderslie?diff=200754191 this edit]</span> to [[:Elderslie]]. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. <!-- Template:uw-huggle3 --> '''[[User:MBisanz|<span style='color: #FFFF00;background-color: #0000FF;'>MBisanz</span>]]''' <sup>[[User talk:MBisanz|<span style='color: #FFA500;'>talk</span>]]</sup> 08:42, 25 March 2008 (UTC) |
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==Name== |
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[[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|25px|left]] '''This is your last warning'''. You will be blocked from editing the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderslie?diff=200754208 this edit]</span> to [[:Elderslie]]. <!-- Template:uw-huggle4 --> '''[[User:MBisanz|<span style='color: #FFFF00;background-color: #0000FF;'>MBisanz</span>]]''' <sup>[[User talk:MBisanz|<span style='color: #FFA500;'>talk</span>]]</sup> 08:42, 25 March 2008 (UTC) |
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"The name of Hera, the Queen of the gods, admits a variety of mutually exclusive etymologies; one possibility is to connect it with ''hora'', season, and to interpret it as ripe for marriage." So begins the section on Hera in [[Walter Burkert]]'s ''Greek Mythology''<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], p. 131.</ref> In a note, he records other scholars' arguments "for the meaning Mistress as a feminine to ''Heros'', Master." A.J. van Windekens,<ref>Windekens, in ''Glotta'' '''36''' (1958), pp. 309-11.</ref> offers "young cow, heifer", which is consonant with Hera's common epithet ''βοώπις'' (''boôpis'', cow-eyed). ''E-ra'' appears in [[Mycenae]]an tablets. |
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{{Greek myth (Olympian)}} |
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[[Image:Carracci - Jupiter et Junon.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] and [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] by [[Annibale Carraci]].]] |
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<div class="user-block"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] '''You have been [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing''' for a period of 24 hours for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalism]]. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may do so when the block expires. '''[[User:MBisanz|<span style='color: #FFFF00;background-color: #0000FF;'>MBisanz</span>]]''' <sup>[[User talk:MBisanz|<span style='color: #FFA500;'>talk</span>]]</sup> 08:45, 25 March 2008 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-huggleblock1 --> |
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==The cult of Hera== |
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Hera was especially worshipped, as "Argive Hera" (''Hera Argeia''), at her sanctuary that stood between the former Mycenaean city-states of [[Argos]] and Mycenae, where the festivals in her honor called ''[[Heraia]]'' were celebrated. "The three cities I love best," the ox-eyed Queen of Heaven declares (''[[Iliad]]'', book iv) "are Argos, Sparta and Mycenae of the broad streets." Her other main center of cult was at [[Samos Island|Samos]]. There were also temples to Hera in [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], [[Corinth, Greece|Corinth]], [[Tiryns]], [[Perachora]] and the sacred island of [[Delos]]. In [[Magna Graecia]], two Doric temples to Hera were constructed, about 550 BC and about 450 BC. The temple long called the ''Temple of Poseidon'' among the group at [[Paestum]] was identified in the 1950s as a second temple there of Hera.<ref>P.C. Sestieri, ''Paestum, the City, the Prehistoric Acropolis in Contrada Gaudo, and the Heraion at the Mouth of the Sele'' (Rome 1960), p. 11 etc. "It is odd that there was no temple dedicated to Poseidon in a city named for him (Paestum was originally called Poseidonia). Perhaps there was one at Sele, the settlement that preceded Paestum," Sarantis Symeonoglou suggested (Symeonoglou, "The Doric Temples of Paestum" ''Journal of Aesthetic Education'', '''19'''.1, Special Issue: Paestum and Classical Culture: Past and Present [Spring 1985:49-66] p. 50.</ref> |
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===Your edits to [[April 21]]=== |
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[[Image:Agrigento Tempio di Hera.jpg|thumb||left|280px|The Temple of Hera at [[Agrigento]], [[Magna Graecia]].]] |
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Dear [[User:194.116.199.218|194.116.199.218]], |
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Some of your [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=April_21&diff=208983756&oldid=208915044 edits] on the page [[April 21]] have been undone by PseudoBot, a robot built to keep the date pages tidy. The problems are: |
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== April 2008 == |
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Greek [[altar]]s of classical times were always under the open sky. Hera may have been the first to whom an enclosed roofed temple sanctuary was dedicated, at Samos about 800 BC. (It was replaced later by the [[Heraion]], one of the largest Greek temples anywhere.) There were many temples built on this site so evidence is somewhat confusing and archaeological dates are uncertain. We know that the temple created by the [[Rhoecus]] sculptors and architects was destroyed between 570- 60 BC. This was replaced by the [[Polycrates|Polycratean]] temple 540-530BC. In one of these temples we see a forest of 155 columns. There is also no evidence of tiles on this temple suggesting either the temple was never finished or that the temple was open to the sky. |
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[[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to [[:Vishal]], did not appear to be constructive and has been '''automatically [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]''' by [[User:ClueBot|ClueBot]]. Please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. {{User:ClueBot/Tracker}} '''If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|report it here]] and then remove this warning from your talk page.''' If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: [[Vishal]] was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishal&diff=209008105&oldid=207345875 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/194.116.199.218|194.116.199.218]] [[User:194.116.199.218|(u)]] [[User talk:194.116.199.218|(t)]] making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-04-29T15:08:49+00:00 <!-- MySQL ID: 345977 -->. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-cluebotwarning1 --><!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:ClueBot|ClueBot]] ([[User talk:ClueBot|talk]]) 15:08, 29 April 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please stop your disruptive editing{{#if:Liverpool|, such as the edit you made to [[:Liverpool]]}}. If your [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] continues, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|}}<!-- Template:uw-vandalism3 --> <font face="Monotype Corsiva" size="3">[[User:Coldmachine|Coldmachine]]</font><sup><small>[[User talk:Coldmachine|Talk]]</small></sup> 09:26, 30 April 2008 (UTC) |
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Earlier sanctuaries, whose dedication to Hera is less secure, were of the Mycenaean type called "house sanctuaries".<ref>Martin Persson Nilsson, ''The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion'' (Lund) 1950 pt. I.ii "House Sanctuaries", pp 77-116; H. W. Catling, "A Late Bronze Age House- or Sanctuary-Model from the Menelaion, Sparta," ''BSA'' '''84''' (1989) 171-175.</ref> Samos excavations have revealed votive offerings, many of them late 8th and 7th century, which reveal that Hera at Samos was not merely a local Greek goddess of the [[Aegean civilization|Aegean]]: the museum there contains figures of gods and suppliants and other votive offerings from [[Armenia]], [[Babylon]], [[Iran]], [[Assyria]], [[Egypt]], testimony to the reputation which this sanctuary of Hera enjoyed and to the large influx of pilgrims. Compared to this mighty goddess, who also possessed the earliest temple at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] and two of the great fifth and sixth century temples of [[Paestum]], the [[termagant]] of [[Homer]] and the myths is an "almost...comic figure" according to Burkert.<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], p. 132, including quote; Burkert: ''Orientalizing Revolution''.</ref> |
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== May 2008 == |
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In [[Euboea]] the festival of the [[Daedalus|Great Daedala]], sacred to Hera, was celebrated on a sixty-year cycle. |
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[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please stop adding unreferenced controversial biographical content to articles or any other Wikipedia page{{#if:Vishal|, as you did at [[:Vishal]]}}. Content of this nature could be regarded as [[Wikipedia:Libel|defamatory]] and is in violation of [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|Wikipedia policy]]. If you continue, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|}}<!-- Template:uw-biog3 --> [[User:Prashanthns|Prashanthns]] ([[User talk:Prashanthns|talk]]) 09:54, 8 May 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia{{#if:Serif|, as you did to [[:Serif]]}}. Your edits appeared to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Klausness|Klausness]] ([[User talk:Klausness|talk]]) 16:43, 15 May 2008 (UTC) |
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===Hera's early importance=== |
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== June 2008 == |
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<!--[[Leto]] redirects here: if this is changed please fix the redirect--> |
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[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia{{#if:Sonam Kapoor|, as you did to [[:Sonam Kapoor]]}}. Your edits appeared to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-vandalism2 --> <font color="#FF0000">[[User:Haza-w|'''haz''']]</font> <font size="1">([[User_talk:Haza-w|talk]])</font> 10:27, 4 June 2008 (UTC) |
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Both Hera and Demeter had many characteristic attributes of the former [[Great Goddess]].<ref>"The goddesses of Greek polytheism, so different and complementary," [[Greek mythology]] scholar [[Walter Burkert]] has observed, in ''Homo Necans'' (1972) 1983:79f, "are nonetheless, consistently similar at an earlier stage, with one or the other simply becoming dominant in a sanctuary or city. Each is the Great Goddess presiding over a male society; each is depicted in her attire as [[Potnia theron|Mistress of the Beasts]], and Mistress of the Sacrifice, even Hera and Demeter."</ref> The [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] goddess represented in seals and other remains, whom Greeks called ''[[Potnia theron]]'', "Mistress of the Animals", many of whose attributes were later also absorbed by [[Artemis]], seems to have been a mother goddess type, for in some representations she suckles the animals that she holds. Sometimes this devolved role is as clear as a simple substitution can make it. According to the [[Homeric Hymn]] III to [[Delian Apollo]], Hera detained [[Eileithyia]], to already prevent [[Leto]] from going into labor with [[Artemis]] and [[Apollo]], because the father was [[Zeus]]. The other goddesses present at the birthing on [[Delos]] sent [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]] to bring her. As she stepped upon the island, the divine birth began. In the myth of the birth of [[Heracles]], it is Hera herself who sits at the door instead, delaying the birth of Heracles until her protegé, [[Eurystheus]], had been born first. |
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[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not delete content or templates from pages on Wikipedia{{#if:Carlos Tévez|, as you did to [[:Carlos Tévez]],}} without explaining the valid reason for the removal in the [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Your content removal does not appear constructive, and has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. Please make use of the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] if you'd like to experiment with test edits. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-delete2 --> -- [[User:Alexf|Alexf]]<sup>[[User talk:Alexf|42]]</sup> 16:30, 5 June 2008 (UTC) |
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Hera's importance in the early archaic period is attested by the large building projects undertaken in her honor. The temples of Hera in the two main centers of her [[cult (religion)|cult]], the [[Heraion of Samos]] and the [[Heraion of Argos]] in the [[Argolid]], were the very earliest monumental [[Greek temple]]s constructed, in the 8th century BC. |
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[[Image:Information.png|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. The <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishal?diff=219944104 recent edit]</span> you made to [[:Vishal]] has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. You may also wish to read the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction to editing]]. Thanks. <!-- Template:uw-huggle1 --> [[User:Gail|Gail]] ([[User talk:Gail|talk]]) 15:50, 17 June 2008 (UTC) |
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The [[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Pythian Apollo]] makes the monster [[Typhon|Typhaon]] the offspring of archaic Hera in her [[Minoa]]n form, produced out of herself, like a monstrous version of [[Hephaestus]], and whelped in a cave in [[Cilicia]].<ref>''Iliad'', ii. 781-783) </ref> She gave the creature to [[Gaia]] to raise. |
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[[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will receive for your disruptive edits.<br />If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again{{#if:Harriet Harman|, as you did to [[:Harriet Harman]]}}, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|}}<!-- Template:uw-vandalism4im --> <span style="border: 2px solid #828282; padding: 0px;">[[User:S3000|<span style="background: #ffffff; color: #828282;"> S3000 </span>]][[User talk:S3000|<span style="background: #828282; color: #FFFFFF;"> ☎</span>]]</span> 10:42, 28 June 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Hera Barberini Chiaramonti Inv1210.jpg|thumb|right|Roman copy of a Greek 5th century Hera of the "[[Barberini Hera]]" type, from the [[Museo Chiaramonti]]]] |
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== August 2008 == |
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At Olympia, Hera's seated cult figure was older than the warrior figure of Zeus that accompanied it. Homer expressed her relationship with Zeus delicately in the [[Iliad]], in which she declares to Zeus, "I am [[Cronus]]' eldest daughter, and am honourable not on this ground only, but also because I am your wife, and you are king of the gods."<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2199 The Iliad by Homer - Project Gutenberg<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Though Zeus is often called ''Zeus Heraios'' ("Zeus, consort of Hera"), Homer's treatment of Hera is less than respectful, and in late anecdotal versions of the myths (see below) she appeared to spend most of her time plotting revenge on the [[nymph]]s seduced by her Consort, for Hera upheld all the old right rules of Hellene society and sorority. |
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[[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''last warning''' you will receive for your disruptive edits{{#if:Apostrophe|, such as the one you made to [[:Apostrophe]]}}. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|}}<!-- Template:uw-vandalism4 --> [[User:Goochelaar|Goochelaar]] ([[User talk:Goochelaar|talk]]) 12:33, 15 August 2008 (UTC) |
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== September 2008 == |
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===Matriarchy?=== |
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There wuz been considerable scholarship, reaching back to [[Johann Jakob Bachofen]] in the mid-nineteenth century,<ref>Bachofen, ''Mutterrecht'' 1861, translated as '' Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World.'' Bachofen was seminal in the writings of [[Jane Ellen Harrison]] and other students of Greek myth.</ref> about the possibility that Hera, whose early importance in Greek religion is firmly established, was originally the goddess of a matriarchal people, presumably inhabiting Greece before the [[Hellenes]]. In this view, her activity as [[goddess]] of marriage established the patriarchal bond of her own subordination: her resistance to the conquests of Zeus is rendered as Hera's "jealousy", the main theme of literary anecdotes that undercut her ancient [[Cult (religion)|cult]].<ref> Slater 1968.</ref>. |
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==Emblems of the presence of Hera== |
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In Hellenistic imagery, Hera's wagon was pulled by peacocks, birds not known to Greeks before the conquests of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]. Alexander's tutor, [[Aristotle]], refers to it as "the Persian bird." The peacock motif was revived in the [[Renaissance]] iconography that unified Hera and Juno, and which European painters focused on.<ref>Seznec, Jean, ''The Survival of the Pagan Gods : Mythological Tradition in Renaissance Humanism and Art,'' 1953</ref> A bird that had been associated with Hera on an archaic level, where most of the Aegean goddesses were associated with "their" bird, was the [[cuckoo]], which appears in mythic fragments concerning the first wooing of a virginal Hera by Zeus. |
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Her archaic association was primarily with cattle, as a Cow Goddess, who was especially venerated in "cattle-rich" [[Euboea]]. On [[Cyprus]], very early archaeological sites contain bull skulls that have been adapted for use as masks (see [[Bull (mythology)]]). Her familiar [[epithets in Homer|Homeric epithet]] ''Boôpis'', is always translated "cow-eyed", for, like the Greeks of Classical times, its other natural translation "cow-faced" or at least "of cow aspect" is rejected. A cow-headed Hera, like a [[Minotaur]] would be at odds with the maternal image of the later classical period. In this respect, Hera bears some resemblance to the [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Ancient Egyptian]] deity [[Hathor]], a maternal goddess associated with cattle. |
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The [[pomegranate]], an ancient emblem of the Great Goddess, remained an emblem of Hera: many of the [[votive]] pomegranates and [[Opium|poppy capsule]]s recovered at Samos are made of [[ivory]], which survived burial better than the wooden ones that must have been more common. Like all goddesses, images of Hera might show her wearing a [[Diadem (personal wear)|diadem]] and a veil. |
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[[Image:Canova-Hebe 30 degree view.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]] Goddess of youth'', daughter of [[Zeus]] and Hera. Sculpted 1800-1805 by [[Antonio Canova]].]] |
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===Epithets=== |
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Aside from the aforementioned '''Boôpis''', Hera bore several other epithets in the mythological tradition. One was '''Aegophagus''', "goat-eater", under which she was worshiped by the [[Lacedaemon]]ians.<ref>[[Pausanias]], iii. 15. § 7</ref> |
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== Hera and her children == |
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Hera presides over the right arrangements of the marriage and is the archetype of the union in the marriage bed, but she is not notable as a mother. The legitimate offspring of her union with Zeus are [[Ares]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] (the goddess of discord) and [[Eileithyia]] (goddess of childbirth). Hera was jealous of Zeus' giving birth to [[Athena]] without recourse to her (actually with [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]), so she gave birth to [[Hephaestus]] without him. Zeus was then disgusted with [[Hephaestus]]' ugliness and threw him from [[Mount Olympus]]. As another alternative version, Hera gave birth to all of the children usually accredited to her and Zeus together, alone by beating her hand on the Earth, a solemnizing action for the Greeks. |
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Hephaestus gained revenge against Hera for rejecting him by making her a magical throne which, when she sat on it, didn't allow her to leave it. The other gods begged Hephaestus to return to Olympus to let her go but he repeatedly refused. [[Dionysus]] got him drunk and took him back to Olympus on the back of a mule. Hephaestus released Hera after being given [[Aphrodite]] as his wife. |
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== Hera, the nemesis of Heracles == |
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Hera was the stepmother and enemy of [[Heracles]], who was named "Hera-famous"<ref>Pauly-Wissowa, ''[[Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]'', ''s.v.'' Hera: "''Heraberühmte''"</ref> in her honor; Heracles is the hero who, more than even [[Perseus]], [[Cadmus]] or [[Theseus]], introduced the Olympian ways in Greece <ref>Ruck and Staples </ref>. When [[Alcmene]] was pregnant with Heracles, Hera tried to prevent the birth from occurring by tying Alcmene's legs in knots. She was foiled by [[Galanthis]], her servant, who told Hera that she had already delivered the baby. Hera turned her into a [[weasel]]. |
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[[Image:Herakles strangling snakes Louvre G192.jpg|thumb|[[Herakles]] strangling the snakes sent by Hera, [[Attic]] red-figured [[stamnos]], ca. 480–470 BC. From [[Vulci]], [[Etruria]].]] |
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== October 2008 == |
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While Heracles was still an infant, Hera sent two [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpents]] to kill him as he lay in his cot. Heracles throttled a single snake in each hand and was found by his nurse playing with their limp bodies as if they were child's toys. The anecdote<ref>Noted by [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] in ''[[Argonautica]]'', i.855; [[Pindar]], Pythian Ode iv, 253</ref> is built upon a representation of the hero gripping a serpent in each hand, precisely as the familiar Minoan snake-handling goddesses had once done. "The picture of a divine child between two serpents may have been long familiar to the Thebans, who worshiped the [[Cabeiri]], although not represented as a first exploit of a hero".<ref>Kerenyi, ''The Heroes of the Greeks'' 1959 p 134.</ref> |
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[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Zoo?diff=244380233 this edit]</span> to [[:Chester Zoo]]. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. <!-- Template:uw-huggle3 --> —<sup>[[user:Ossmann|<span style="color:#00688B">'''ossmann'''</span>]]</sup>[[user talk:Ossmann|<span style="color:#00688B"><small>''talk''</small></span>]] 14:53, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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One account of the origin of the [[Milky Way]] is that Zeus had tricked Hera into nursing the infant Heracles: discovering who he was, she pulled him from her breast, and a spurt of her milk formed the smear across the sky that can be seen to this day. The [[Etruscan]]s pictured a full-grown bearded Heracles at Hera's breast. |
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Some myths state that Hera befriended Heracles for saving her from a giant who tried to rape her, and that she even gave her daughter [[Hebe]] as his bride. Whatever myth-making served to account for an archaic representation of Heracles as "Hera's man" it was thought [[Decorum|suitable]] for the builders of the Heraion at [[Paestum]] to depict the exploits of Heracles in [[bas-relief]]s.<ref> Kerenyi, p 131</ref> |
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==== The Twelve Labors ==== |
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Hera assigned Heracles to labor for King [[Eurystheus]] at Mycenae. She attempted to make almost each of Heracles' twelve labors more difficult. |
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When he fought the [[Lernaean Hydra]], she sent a crab to bite at his feet in the hopes of distracting him. To annoy Heracles after he took the cattle of [[Geryon]], Hera sent a [[gadfly]] to bite the cattle, irritate them and scatter them. Hera then sent a flood which raised the water level of a river so much that Heracles could not ford the river with the cattle. He piled stones into the river to make the water shallower. When he finally reached the court of [[Eurystheus]], the cattle were sacrificed to Hera. |
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Eurystheus also wanted to sacrifice the [[Cretan Bull]] to Hera. She refused the sacrifice because it reflected glory on Heracles. The bull was released and wandered to Marathon, becoming known as the [[Marathonian Bull]]. |
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===The young Hera=== |
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Hera was most known as the matron goddess, ''Hera Teleia''; but she presided over weddings as well. In myth and cult, fragmentary references and archaic practices remain of the [[sacred marriage]] of Hera and Zeus,<ref>Farnell, I 191,</ref> and at [[Plataea]], there was a sculpture of Hera seated as a bride by [[Callimachus]], as well as the matronly standing Hera.<ref> Pausanias, [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+9.2.1 9.2.7- 9.3.3]; Pausanias explains this by telling the myth of the [[Daedala]].</ref> |
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Hera was also worshipped as a virgin: There was a tradition in [[Stymphalia]] in [[Arcadia]] that there had been a triple shrine to Hera the Virgin, the Matron, and the Separated (''Chêra'', Widowed or Divorced). <ref>Farnell, I 194, citing Pausanias [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+8.22.1 8.22.2]' [[Pindar]] refers to the "praises of Hera Parthenia [the Maidenly]" ''[[Olympian ode]]'' [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Pind.+O.+6.1 6.88] </ref> In the [[Argolid|region around Argos]], the temple of Hera in [[Hermione]] near Argos was to Hera the Virgin; <ref> S. Casson: "Hera of Kanathos and the Ludovisi Throne" ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' '''40'''.2 (1920), pp. 137-142, citing [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] ''sub'' ''Ernaion''.</ref> at the spring of [[Kanathos]], close to [[Nauplia]], Hera renewed her virginity annually, in rites that were not to be spoken of (''arrheton'').<ref>[[Pausanias]], [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+2.38.1 2.38].</ref> |
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==Hera's jealousies==<!--these rambling accounts, fully told elsewhere, wander away from Hera--> |
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===Echo=== |
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For a long time a [[nymph]] named [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]] had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus' affairs by leading her away and flattering her. When Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to only repeat the words of others (hence our modern word "[[Echo (phenomenon)|echo]]"). |
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===Leto and Artemis/Apollo=== |
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When Hera discovered that [[Leto]] was pregnant and that Zeus was the father, she banned Leto from giving birth on "terra-firma", or the mainland, or any island at sea. Leto found the floating island of [[Delos]], which was neither mainland nor a real island and gave birth there. The island was surrounded by swans. As a gesture of gratitude, Delos was secured with four pillars. The island later became sacred to Apollo. Alternatively, Hera kidnapped [[Eileithyia]], the goddess of childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods forced Hera to let her go. Either way, Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo. Some versions say Artemis helped her mother, Leto, give birth to Apollo for nine days. Another version states that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of [[Ortygia]] and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo. |
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===Callisto and Arcas=== |
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Hera also figures in the myth of [[Callisto]]/[[Arcas]]. |
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A follower of Artemis, Callisto took a [[vow]] to remain a [[virgin]]. But Zeus fell in love with her and disguised himself as Artemis in order to lure her into his embrace. Hera then turned Callisto into a bear out of revenge. Later, Callisto's son with Zeus, Arcas, nearly killed her in a hunt and Zeus placed them in the heavens. An alternate version: One of Artemis' companions, Callisto lost her virginity to Zeus, who had come disguised as Artemis. Enraged, Artemis changed her into a bear. Callisto's son, Arcas, nearly killed his mother while hunting, but Zeus or Artemis stopped him and placed them both in the sky as [[Ursa Major]] and [[Ursa Minor]]. |
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Another alternate version: Artemis killed Callisto in bear form, deliberately. |
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===Semele and Dionysus=== |
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Dionysus was a son of Zeus by a mortal woman. When Hera learned that [[Semele]], daughter of [[Cadmus]] king at [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], was pregnant by Zeus, she disguised herself as Semele's nurse and persuaded the princess to insist that Zeus show himself to her in his true form. When he was compelled to do so, his thunder and lightning blasted her. Zeus took the child and completed its gestation sewn into his own thigh. In another version, Dionysus was originally the son of Zeus by either Demeter or [[Persephone]]. Hera sent her Titans to rip the baby apart, from which he was called Zagreus ("Torn in Pieces"). Zeus rescued the heart and gave it to [[Semele]] to impregnate her; or, the heart was saved, variously, by [[Athena]], [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], or [[Demeter]].<ref>Seyffert ''Dictionary''</ref> Zeus used the heart to recreate [[Dionysus]] and implant him in the womb of Semele--hence Dionysus became known as "the twice-born". Certain versions imply that Zeus gave Semele the heart to eat to impregnate her. Hera tricked Semele into asking Zeus to show his true form, which killed her. But Dionysus managed to rescue her from the underworld and have her live on Mount Olympus. |
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See also [[Dionysus#Birth|Dionysus' birth]] for other variations. |
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[[Image:Figino.jpg|thumb|left|140px|[[Io]] with [[Zeus]], by [[Giovanni Ambrogio Figino]]]] |
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===Io=== |
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Hera almost caught Zeus with a mistress named [[Io (mythology)|Io]], a fate avoided by Zeus turning Io into a beautiful white heifer. However, Hera was not completely fooled and demanded that Zeus give her the heifer as a present. |
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Once Io was given to Hera, she placed her in the charge of [[Argus Panoptes|Argus]] to keep her separated from Zeus. Zeus then commanded [[Hermes]] to kill Argus, which he did by lulling all one hundred eyes to sleep. In [[Ovid]]'s interpolation, when Hera learned of Argus' death, she took his eyes and placed them in the plumage of the [[peacock]], accounting for the eye pattern in its tail.<ref>Ovid, ''[[Metamorphoses (poem)|Metamorphoses]]'' I.624ff and II.531. The [[peacock]] (Greek ''taos''), not native to Greece or Western Asia, was unknown to Hellenes until the time of [[Alexander the Great]].</ref> Hera then sent a gadfly (Greek ''oistros'', compare [[Estrus cycle|oestrus)]]) to sting Io as she wandered the earth. Eventually Io was driven to the ends of the earth, [which the [[Romans]] believed to be] [[Egypt]], where she became a priestess of the Egyptian goddess [[Isis]]. |
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===Lamia=== |
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[[Lamia (mythology)|Lamia]] was a queen of [[Libya]], whom Zeus loved. Hera turned her into a monster and murdered their children. Or, alternately, she killed Lamia's children and the grief turned her into a monster. Lamia was cursed with the inability to close her eyes so that she would always obsess over the image of her dead children. Zeus gave her the gift to be able to take her eyes out to rest, and then put them back in. Lamia was envious of other mothers and ate their children. |
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===Gerana=== |
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[[Gerana]] was a queen of the [[Pygmies]] who boasted she was more beautiful than Hera. The wrathful goddess turned her into a crane and proclaimed that her bird descendants should wage eternal war on the Pygmy folk. |
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==Other stories involving Hera== |
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[[Image:Hera Prometheus Cdm Paris 542.jpg|thumb|right|Hera and [[Prometheus]], [[Tondo (art)|tondo]] of a 5th-century plate from [[Vulci]], [[Etruria]]]] |
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=== Cydippe === |
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[[Cydippe]], a priestess of Hera, was on her way to a festival in the goddess' honor. The oxen which were to pull her cart were overdue and her sons, [[Biton]] and [[Cleobis]] pulled the cart the entire way (45 [[stadia]], 8 kilometers). Cydippe was impressed with their devotion to her and her goddess and asked Hera to give her children the best gift a god could give a person. Hera ordained that the brothers would die in their sleep. |
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This honor bestowed upon the children was later used by [[Solon]] as a proof while trying to convince [[Croesus]] that it is impossible to judge a person's happiness until they have died a fruitful death after a joyous life. <ref>Herodotus' ''History'', Book I</ref> |
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=== Tiresias === |
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[[Tiresias]] was a priest of Zeus, and as a young man he encountered two snakes mating and hit them with a stick. He was then transformed into a woman. As a woman, Tiresias became a priestess of Hera, married and had children, including [[Manto (Greek mythology)|Manto]]. After seven years as a woman, Tiresias again found mating snakes, struck them with her staff, and became a man once more. As a result of his experiences, Zeus and Hera asked him to settle the question of which sex, male or female, experienced more pleasure during [[intercourse]]. Zeus claimed it was women; Hera claimed it was men. When Tiresias sided with Zeus, Hera struck him blind. Since Zeus could not undo what she had done, he gave him the gift of prophecy. An alternative and less commonly told story has it that Tiresias was blinded by [[Athena]] after he stumbled onto her bathing naked. His mother, [[Chariclo]], begged her to undo her curse, but Athena couldn't; she gave him prophecy instead. |
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=== Chelone === |
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At the marriage of Zeus and Hera, a [[nymph]] named [[Chelone (Greek mythology)|Chelone]] was disrespectful (or refused to attend). Zeus condemned her by turning her into a [[tortoise]]. |
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=== The Iliad === |
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According to the [[Iliad]], during the [[Trojan War]], [[Diomedes]] fought [[Hector]] and saw [[Ares]] fighting on the Trojans' side. Diomedes called for his soldiers to fall back slowly. Hera, Ares' mother, saw Ares' interference and asked Zeus, Ares' father, for permission to drive Ares away from the battlefield. Hera encouraged Diomedes to attack Ares and he threw his spear at the god. Athena drove the spear into Ares' body and he bellowed in pain and fled to Mt. Olympus, forcing the Trojans to fall back. |
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=== The Golden Fleece === |
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Hera hated [[Pelias]] for having murdered [[Sidero]], his step-grandmother, in a temple to Hera. She later manipulated [[Jason]] and [[Medea]] to kill Pelias. |
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=== The Metamorphoses === |
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In [[Thrace]], Hera and Zeus turned King [[Haemus]] and [[Queen Rhodope]] into mountains,<ref>[[Ovid]], [[Metamorphoses (poem)|''Metamorphoses'']] 6.87</ref> the [[Balkan]] ([[Haemus Mons]]) and [[Rhodope mountain chain]]s respectively, for their [[hubris]] in comparing themselves to the gods. |
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==In popular culture== |
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*Like the other gods of the Greek pantheon, Hera's character was burlesqued in the [[Disney]] animated film ''[[Hercules (1997 film)]]''. The storyline of the movie took great liberties with the legend of Hercules; while in Greek lore Hera had particular ire toward this half-mortal son of Zeus, in the film she was Hercules' own mother. She was voiced in the film by [[Samantha Eggar]]. |
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*Hera appeared for two episodes in the tv series [[Hercules: The Legendary Journeys]] and one episode of its spinoff series [[Xena: Warrior Princess]]; she was portrayed by [[Meg Foster]]. Like in the original myths, she despised Hercules and tried to kill him, and was also the responsible for the death of Hercules' wife and children in the series premiere. Hera was banished to the Abyss of Tartarus by Hercules, and later brought back in the series finale where she was able to make peace with both Zeus and Hercules. In her appearance in "Xena", which took place after the Hercules series had ended, Zeus had killed Hera after Hera sided with Hercules against Zeus and his doctrine of killing Xena's unborn child to prevent the prophecy that her child would be the end of the Olympian gods. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Deception of Zeus]] |
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*[[Barberini Hera]] |
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*[[Hera Borghese]] |
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*[[Hera Farnese]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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*[[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], ''Greek Religion'' 1985. |
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*Burkert, Walter, ''The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age'', 1998 |
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*Farnell, Lewis Richard, ''The cults of the Greek states'' I: ''Zeus, Hera Athena'' Oxford, 1896. |
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*[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]], ''[[The Greek Myths]]'' 1955. Use with caution. |
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*[[Karl Kerenyi|Kerenyi, Carl]], ''The Gods of the Greeks'' 1951 (paperback 1980) |
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*Kerenyi, Karl, 1959. ''The Heroes of the Greeks'' Especially Heracles. |
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*Ruck, Carl A.P., and Danny Staples, ''The World of Classical Myth'' 1994 |
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*Seyffert, Oskar. ''Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'' 1894. ([http://www.ancientlibrary.com/seyffert/0281.html On-line text]) |
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*[[Jean Seznec|Seznec, Jean]], ''The Survival of the Pagan Gods : Mythological Tradition in Renaissance Humanism and Art,'' 1953 |
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*Slater, Philip E. ''The Glory of Hera : Greek Mythology and the Greek Family'' (Boston: Beacon Press) 1968 (Princeton University 1992 ISBN 0-691-00222-3 ) Concentrating on family structure in 5th-century Athens; some of the crude usage of myth and drama for psychological interpreting of "neuroses" is dated. |
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==External links== |
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{{Commonscat|Hera}} |
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*[http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Hera.html Theoi Project, Hera] Hera in classical literature and Greek art |
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*[http://hellas.teipir.gr/Thesis/Samos/english/tdk158.html The Samos Museum:] cult objects recovered from the Heraion at Samos |
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{{Greek myth (Olympian)2}} |
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[[Category:Hera| ]] |
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[[Category:Greek mythology]] |
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[[Category:Greek goddesses]] |
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[[Category:Twelve Olympians]] |
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[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]] |
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[[Category:Mythological queens]] |
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[[ar:هيرا]] |
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Revision as of 14:53, 10 October 2008
March 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Elderslie, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Elderslie was changed by 194.116.199.218 (u) (t) deleting 8729 characters on 2008-03-11T08:40:23+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 08:40, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Daz (detergent). Your edits have been automatically marked as unconstructive/possible vandalism and have been automatically reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Daz (detergent) was changed by 194.116.199.218 (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-03-12T14:27:15+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 14:27, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Human body. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. - ✰ALLSTAR✰ echo 15:20, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
March 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Andorinha Sport Club, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Andorinha Sport Club was changed by 194.116.199.218 (u) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2008-03-25T08:40:11+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 08:40, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
The recent edit you made to Andorinha Sport Club constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thanks. MBisanz talk 08:40, 25 March 2008 (UTC))
Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Elderslie. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. MBisanz talk 08:42, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
This is your last warning. You will be blocked from editing the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Elderslie. MBisanz talk 08:42, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
Your edits to April 21
Dear 194.116.199.218, Some of your edits on the page April 21 have been undone by PseudoBot, a robot built to keep the date pages tidy. The problems are:
- No Wikipedia page has been linked to.
If a Wikipedia page for the person already exists, add a link to it (by putting it in doubled square brackets [[Like this]]) and try again. If it doesn't yet exist, read this page carefully before creating it. In particular, you shouldn't create a page about yourself or anyone you know personally. If this bot has got it wrong (as can unfortunately happen), please accept its author's apologies, and (if you would like) leave a message on this talk page with the details, so it can be improved. PseudoBot (talk) 12:49, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
April 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Vishal, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Vishal was changed by 194.116.199.218 (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-04-29T15:08:49+00:00 . Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 15:08, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
Please stop your disruptive editing, such as the edit you made to Liverpool. If your vandalism continues, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. ColdmachineTalk 09:26, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
May 2008
Please stop adding unreferenced controversial biographical content to articles or any other Wikipedia page, as you did at Vishal. Content of this nature could be regarded as defamatory and is in violation of Wikipedia policy. If you continue, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Prashanthns (talk) 09:54, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
- If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Serif. Your edits appeared to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Klausness (talk) 16:43, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
- If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.
June 2008
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Sonam Kapoor. Your edits appeared to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. haz (talk) 10:27, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
Please do not delete content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Carlos Tévez, without explaining the valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear constructive, and has been reverted. Please make use of the sandbox if you'd like to experiment with test edits. Thank you. -- Alexf42 16:30, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Vishal has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thanks. Gail (talk) 15:50, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
This is the only warning you will receive for your disruptive edits.
If you vandalize Wikipedia again, as you did to Harriet Harman, you will be blocked from editing. S3000 ☎ 10:42, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
- If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.
August 2008
This is the last warning you will receive for your disruptive edits, such as the one you made to Apostrophe. If you vandalize Wikipedia again, you will be blocked from editing. Goochelaar (talk) 12:33, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
- If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.
September 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Stonehenge has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. JSpung (talk) 14:12, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
The recent edit you made to Stonehenge constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. JSpung (talk) 14:16, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Performing Right Society has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. JaGatalk 09:18, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Chris Moyles. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. OBM | blah blah blah 15:04, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
Please do not delete content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Video Graphics Array, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear constructive, and has been reverted. Please make use of the sandbox if you'd like to experiment with test edits. Thank you. Piano non troppo (talk) 10:20, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Manchester United F.C. records and statistics. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Equendil Talk 14:42, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
Please stop. If you continue to blank out or delete portions of page content, templates or other materials from Wikipedia, as you did to BTEC, you will be blocked from editing. OBM | blah blah blah 21:54, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
October 2008
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. MER-C 11:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
- If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, please ignore this notice.
Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Chester Zoo. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. —ossmanntalk 14:53, 10 October 2008 (UTC)