Hiberno-Scottish mission and User:JJ Harrison: Difference between pages

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'''[[Irish people|Irish]] and [[Scottish people|Scottish]] missionaries''' (Iro-Scottish, Hiberno-Scottish) were instrumental in the spread of [[Christianity]] in [[Anglo-Saxon England]] and the [[Frankish Empire]] during the [[6th century|6th]] and [[7th century|7th]] centuries. The Latin term ''[[Scoti|Scotti]]'' refers to the Gaelic-speaking people of Ireland and the Irish who settled in western Scotland. In early medieval times Ireland was known, not only as Éire, but also as [[Scotia]] a name that the Romans used to refer to Ireland. The Romans also gave Ireland the name "Hibernia". Thus, the "Scots" missionaries who were so influential in the early Church history of Germany included men from both Ireland and Scotland in the modern sense, but were predominantly Irish.
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{{User:The Raven's Apprentice/Userboxes/User Chemistry}}
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{{User:The Raven's Apprentice/Userboxes/User Physics}}
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I mostly use this page to keep track of my images
== Featured Pictures ==


<gallery>
'''Schottenklöster''' (meaning ''Scottish monasteries'' in [[German language|German]], singular: ''Schottenkloster'') is the name applied to the [[monastic]] foundations of Irish and Scottish missionaries in [[Continental Europe]], particularly to the Scottish [[Benedictine]] monasteries in [[Germany]], which in the beginning of the [[13th century]] were combined into one congregation whose [[abbot]]-general was the Abbot of the [[Scots Monastery, Regensburg|Scots monastery]] at [[Regensburg]].
Image:Crescent Honeyeater Edit2.jpg|[[Crescent Honeyeater]]
Image:Long-billed Corella.jpg|A Perched [[Long-billed Corella]]
Image:Silvereye.jpg|A [[Silvereye]] perched on a blooming [[Cestrum]] species
Image:Crested Tern Tasmania.jpg|A Crested Tern in breeding plumage displaying
Image:Bench Grinder Brush 1.jpg|8in wire brush mounted to bench grinder (tool rest in foreground)
Image:Eurasian_Coot.jpg|Eurasian Coot
Image:Gordon_Dam.jpg|Gordon Dam
</gallery>


== Featured Edits ==
In the [[sixth century]] migrations into what is now Scotland were Ulster clans such as the [[Airgíalla]] and the [[Uí Néill]]. Among them was [[Colm Cille]] of [[Gartan]] who, with twelve companions, founded [[Iona]] in the early [[6th century]]. [[Adomnán]] of Donegal wrote his biography in the early 8th century. As late as the 11th and early 12th century the name Scot or Scotus identified the missionary or traveller as a [[Gael]] and thus monks of Irish as well as Scottish origin were commonly both referred to under the same, at the time shared, nomenclature. [[Marianus Scotus]] together with is companions was the founder of St. Peter at Regensburg in [[1072]].


<gallery>
==Columba to Columbanus (563-615)==
Image:Nagoya_Castle(Edit2).jpg|The keep of Nagoya Castle (名古屋城, Nagoya-jō) located in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan by [[User:Base64|Base64]]
After [[Saint Ninian]], Christianity first spread to Scotland again in [[563]] with the foundation of [[Iona]] by [[Columcille]]. Following the foundation of [[Lindisfarne]] in [[635]] by [[Saint Aidan]], Hiberno-Scottish missionaries converted most of Anglo-Saxon England during the following decades; the last pagan Anglo-Saxon king, [[Penda of Mercia]], died in [[655]].
Image:Hurricane Isabel eye from ISS (edit 1).jpg|The eye of Hurricane Isabel as seen from the International Space Station by [[w:NASA|NASA]] astronaut [[w:Ed Lu|Ed Lu]]
Image:Oregon Convention Center Dusk 1 (edit).jpg|The Oregon Convention Center in Portland, Oregon, USA by [[User:Fcb981|Fcb981]]
</gallery>


== Other Pictures ==
[[Columbanus]] from [[590]] was active in the Frankish Empire, establishing monasteries throughout what is now [[France]] and [[Switzerland]] until his death at [[Bobbio]] in [[615]]. Other Hiberno-Scottish missionaries active at the time, predominantly in [[Swabia]], were [[Wendelin of Trier|Wendelin]], [[Kilian]], [[Arbogast]], [[Landelin]], [[Trudpert]], [[Fridolin]], [[Pirmin]] (founded [[Reichenau abbey]]), [[Saint Gall|Gallus]] ([[Abbey of St. Gall]]), [[Corbinian|Korbinian]], [[Emmeram]] and [[Rupert of Salzburg|Rupert]].
Some other images I uploaded:
====Birds====
<gallery>
Image:Noisy Miner Perched Tasmania.jpg
Image:Musk Lorikeet 2.jpg|Musk Lorikeet perched outside it's nest
Image:Feral Barbary Dove.jpg|Feral Barbary Dove
Image:Juvenile White-bellied Sea-eagle.jpg|Juvenile White-bellied Sea-eagle in flight
Image:New Holland Honeyeater UTAS.jpg|A [[New Holland Honeyeater]] at the University of Tasmania
Image:Female Galah Outside Nest.jpg|A Female Galah displaying her crest outside her nest.
Image:Black Swan in Flight Crop.jpg|A Black Swan in flight
Image:Brown Goshawk (Immature).jpg|A Brown Goshawk in flight
Image:Magpie chasing Brown Goshawk (Immature).jpg|Brave Magpie!
Image:Tasmanian Native-hen.jpg|Tasmanian Native-hen
</gallery>


====Macro====
Examples of Hiberno-Scottish monasteries on the continent include the [[Scots Monastery, Regensburg|Scots monasteries]] in [[Regensburg]], [[Vienna]], [[Erfurt]] and [[St. James's Abbey, Würzburg|Würzburg]]. In Italy, there are the establishments of [[Columbanus]], founder of [[Abbey of Luxeuil|Luxeuil]] and [[Bobbio Abbey|Bobbio]], and Saints [[Saint Donatus of Fiesole|Donatus]] and [[Andrew the Scot|Andrew of Tuscany]], of [[Fiesole]].
<gallery>
Image:Brown_Tree_Frog.jpg|A Brown Tree Frog on a rock
Image:Blossom 5455.jpg|Presently Unidentified.
Image:Cercophonius squama.jpg|Southern Scorpion (Cercophonius squama)
</gallery>


====Science, Engineering and Technology====
The first Schottenkloster of which we have any knowledge was Säckingen in [[Baden]], founded by the Irish missionary, St. Fridolin, towards the end of the 5th century. The same missionary is said to have founded a Schottenkloster at [[Konstanz]]. A century later [[St. Columbanus]] arrived on the continent with twelve companions and founded Annegray, [[Luxeuil]], and Fontaines in [[France]], [[Bobbio]] in [[Italy]]. During the [[seventh century]] the disciples of Columbanus and other Irish and Scottish missionaries founded a long list of monasteries in what is now France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The best known are: [[Abbey of St. Gall|St. Gall]] in [[Switzerland]], [[Disibodenberg]] in the [[Rhine]] [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]], St. Paul's at [[Besançon]], [[Lure, Haute-Saône|Lure]] and Cusance in the [[Diocese of Besançon]], Beze in the [[Diocese of Langres]], [[Remiremont Abbey]] and [[Moyenmoutier Abbey]] in the [[Diocese of Toul]], [[Fosses-la-Ville]] in the [[Diocese of Liège]], Mont-St-Michel at [[Peronne]], Ebersmunster in Lower Alsace, [[St. Martin]] at Cologne.
<gallery>
Image:Gordon Power Station Stator and Rotor.jpg|Stator and Rotor for second turbine. The clear port in the foreground allows the view of bearing lubricant.
Image:Francis Turbine Shaft and Bearings.jpg|Shaft connecting the third Francis turbine to the rotor. The bearing at the top supports the load of the shaft and turbine, the bottom bearing is primarily for alignment.
Image:Gordon Power Station Control Valve.jpg|Main shut off valve for second Francis Turbine
Image:Mount Pleasant Radio Telescope.jpg|[[Mount Pleasant Radio Observatory]]'s Telescope.
</gallery>
====Junk====
<gallery>
</gallery>


====Panoramas====
==After Columbanus (8th to 11th c.)==
{{Wide image|Tasman_Bridge_Night_Panorama.jpg|1800 px|Panorama of the Tasman Bridge at night, I need to redo this on a calm night to avoid the blown highlights, the wierd stuff going on around the boat and when the broken lights are fixed.}}
Hiberno-Scottish activity in Europe declined after the death of Columbanus. [[Celtic Christianity]] was united with Roman Catholicism after the [[Synod of Whitby]] in [[664]], and from [[698]] until the reign of [[Charlemagne]] in the [[770s]], the Hiberno-Scottish efforts in the Frankish Empire were continued by the [[Anglo-Saxon mission]]. See: [[Germanic Christianity]].
{{Wide image|Richmond_Bridge_Panorama_Restitch.jpg|1200 px|Panorama of the Richmond Bridge}}


== Sandbox ==
The rule of St. Columbanus, which was originally followed in most of these monasteries, was soon superseded by that of [[Rule of Saint Benedict|St. Benedict]]. Later [[Gaels|Gaelic]] missionaries, founded [[Honau]] in Baden (about 721), [[Murbach]] in Upper Alsace (about 727), [[Altomünster]] in Upper [[Bavaria]] (about 749), while other Gaelic monks restored St. Michel in Thiérache (940), Walsort near [[Namur (city)|Namur]] (945), and, at Cologne, the Monasteries of St. Clement (about 953), St. Martin (about 980), St. Symphorian (about 990), and St. Pantaléon (1042).
<math>2\,{\frac {r}{1+\sqrt {r}}}-1/2\,{\frac {{r}^{3/2}}{ \left( 1+\sqrt {r} \right) ^{2}}}</math>

==High Middle Ages (11<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> c.)==
Irish monks known as [[Papar]] are said to have been present in Iceland before its settlement by the [[Norsemen|Norse]] in the [[9th century]]. Among the Irish monks who were active in Central Europe were two particularly important theologians, [[Marianus Scotus]] and [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena]]. Legends surrounding Iro-Scottish foundations are recorded in a [[Middle High German]] text known as ''Charlemagne and the Scottish Saints'' ([[British Library|BL]] Harley 3971).

Towards the end of the [[eleventh century|eleventh]] and in the [[twelfth century]], a number of Schottenklöster, intended for Scottish and Irish monks exclusively, sprang up in Germany. About 1072, three Scottish monks, ''Marianus'', ''Iohannus'', and ''Candidus'', took up their abode at the little Church of Weih-St-Peter at [[Regensburg|Ratisbon]]. Their number soon increased and a larger monastery was built for them (about 1090) by Burgrave Otto of Ratisbon and his brother Henry. This became the famous [[Scots Monastery, Regensburg|Scottish Monastery of St. Jacob at Ratisbon]], the mother-house of a series of other Schottenklöster. It founded the Abbeys of St. Jacob at [[Würzburg]] (about 1134), St. Aegidius at [[Nuremberg]] (1140), St. Jacob at [[Constance]] (1142), [[Schottenstift, Vienna|Our Blessed Lady]] at [[Vienna]] (1158), St. Nicolas at [[Memmingen]] (1168), Holy Cross at [[Eichstätt]] (1194), and the Priory of [[Kelheim]] (1231). These, together with the Abbey of St. Jacob at [[Erfurt]] (1036), and the Priory of Weih-St-Peter at Ratisbon formed the famous congregation of the German Schottenklöster which was erected by [[Innocent III]] in 1215, with the Abbot of St. Jacob at Ratisbon as abbot-general.

==14th century onwards==
In the 14th and 15th centuries most of these monasteries were on the decline, partly for want of Scottish or Irish monks, partly on account of great laxity of discipline and financial difficulties. In consequence, the abbeys of [[Nuremberg]] and [[Vienna]] were withdrawn from the Scottish congregation and repeopled by German monks in 1418. The [[Abbey of St. Jacob, Würzburg]] was left without any monks after the death of Abbot Philip in 1497. It was then re-peopled by German monks and in 1506 joined the [[congregation of Bursfeld]]. In 1595, however, it was restored to the Scottish congregation and continued to be occupied by Scottish monks until its suppression in 1803. The abbey of Constance began to decline in the first half of the 15th century and was suppressed in 1530. That of Memmingen also disappeared during the early period of the Protestant Reformation. The Abbey of Holy Cross at Eichstatt seems to have ceased early in the fourteenth century. In consequence of the [[Protestant Reformation]] in Scotland many Scottish Benedictines left their country and took refuge in the Schottenklöster of Germany during the 16th century. The Scottish monasteries in Ratisbon, [[Erfurt]], and Würzburg again began to flourish temporarily, but all endeavors to regain the monasteries of Nuremberg, Vienna, and Constance for monks of Scottish nationality were useless.

In 1692 Abbot Placidus Flemming of Ratisbon reorganized the Scottish congregation which now comprised the monasteries of Ratisbon, Erfurt, and Würzburg, the only remaining Schottenklöster in Germany. He also erected a seminary in connection with the monastery at Ratisbon. But the forced secularization of monasteries in 1803 put an end to the Scottish abbeys of Erfurt and Würzburg, leaving St. Jacob's at Ratisbon as the only surviving Schottenkloster in Germany. Though since 1827 this monastery was again permitted to accept novices, the number of its monks dwindled down to two capitulars in 1862. There being no hope of any increase, [[Pope Pius IX]] suppressed this last Schottenkloster in his brief of 2 September, 1862. Its revenues were distributed between the diocesan seminary of Ratisbon and the Scotch College at [[Rome]].

==Literature==
*Frank Shaw (ed.), ''Karl der Große und die Schottischen Heiligen. Nach der Handschrift Harley 3971 der Britischen Bibliothek London'', Deutsche Texte des Mittelalters LXXI, Berlin (DDR), [[1981]].

==See also==
*[[Anglo-Saxon mission]]
*[[Celtic Christianity]]
*[[Culdee]]
*[[Papar]]
*[[Scots Monastery, Regensburg]]
*[[Schottenstift, Vienna]]
*[[Pirmin]]
*[[Quartodecimanism]]

==External links==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13589b.htm Original Catholic Encyclopedia text of this article]

{{Catholic}}
[[Category:Celtic Christianity]]
[[Category:Anglo-Saxon Christianity]]
[[Category:Christianity in England]]
[[Category:History of Scotland]]
[[Category:Christianity in Scotland]]
[[Category:Medieval Scotland]]
[[Category:History of Ireland]]
[[Category:Christianity in Ireland]]
[[Category:History of Germany in the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Christianity in Germany]]
[[Category:Christianity in France]]
[[Category:Christianity in Belgium]]
[[Category:Christianity in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:History of the Germanic peoples]]
[[Category:Scots of German descent|+]]

[[de:Schottenkloster]]
[[fr:Schottenklöster]]
[[no:Schottenklöster]]
[[pl:Iroszkoci]]

Revision as of 03:17, 11 October 2008

I mostly use this page to keep track of my images

Featured Pictures

Featured Edits

Other Pictures

Some other images I uploaded:

Birds

Macro

Science, Engineering and Technology

Junk

Panoramas

Panorama of the Tasman Bridge at night, I need to redo this on a calm night to avoid the blown highlights, the wierd stuff going on around the boat and when the broken lights are fixed.
Panorama of the Richmond Bridge

Sandbox