MT-ND3: Difference between revisions

ND3
Identifiers
Aliases	ND3, MTMT-NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 3 (complex I), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3
External IDs	OMIM: 516002 MGI: 102499 HomoloGene: 5018 GeneCards: ND3
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Mitochondrial DNA (human)
End	10,404 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Mitochondrial DNA (mouse)
End	9,806 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	right uterine tube; ; Brodmann area 9; ; subcutaneous adipose tissue; ; right adrenal gland; ; prostate; ; left ventricle; ; left lobe of thyroid gland; ; left coronary artery; ; canal of the cervix; ; nucleus accumbens;
	Top expressed in
	hypothalamus; ; hippocampus proper; ; olfactory bulb; ; lip; ; quadriceps femoris muscle; ; islet of Langerhans; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; duodenum; ; muscle tissue; ; esophagus;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	oxidoreductase activity; protein binding; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane; mitochondrial inner membrane; mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I; respirasome; membrane; mitochondrion; mitochondrial membranes; NADH dehydrogenase complex;
Biological process	response to hormone; response to light intensity; cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus; response to oxidative stress; mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly; mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	4537
	17718
	ENSG00000198840
	ENSMUSG00000064360
	P03897
	P03899
	n/a
	n/a
	n/a
	NP_904335
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

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Latest revision as of 21:26, 3 December 2023

MT-ND3 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH dehydrogenase 3 (ND3) protein.^[5] The ND3 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain.^[6] Variants of MT-ND3 are associated with Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), Leigh's syndrome (LS) and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).^[7]^[8]

Structure[edit]

General features[edit]

MT-ND3 is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,059 to 10,404.^[5] The MT-ND3 gene produces a 13 kDa protein composed of 115 amino acids.^[9]^[10] MT-ND3 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6. Also known as Complex I, this enzyme is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. The MT-ND3 product and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.^[6]

Untranslated extra nucleotide[edit]

In the MT-ND3 gene from many species of birds and turtles ^[11] there is an extra nucleotide that is not translated to protein.^[12] Translational frameshifting or RNA editing are alternative explanations for maintenance of the functionality of the ND3 reading frame in birds possessing the one-nucleotide insertion. This extra nucleotide feature suggests that turtles might be related to Archosauria, as evidenced by molecular phylogeny studies.^[13]^[14] The absence of the extra nucleotide in crocodilians and some birds and turtles might also indicate that the corresponding taxa have lost this feature.

Function[edit]

The MT-ND3 product is a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex I that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze NADH dehydrogenation and electron transfer to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10).^[15] Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH₂. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to ubiquinol (CoQH₂). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and pK shift of the ionizable side chain, which pumps four hydrogen ions out of the mitochondrial matrix.^[6]

Clinical significance[edit]

Pathogenic variants of the mitochondrial gene MT-ND3 are known to cause mtDNA-associated Leigh syndrome, as are variants of MT-ATP6, MT-TL1, MT-TK, MT-TW, MT-TV, MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND4, MT-ND5, MT-ND6 and MT-CO3. Abnormalities in mitochondrial energy generation result in neurodegenerative disorders like Leigh syndrome, which is characterized by an onset of symptoms between 12 months and three years of age. The symptoms frequently present themselves following a viral infection and include movement disorders and peripheral neuropathy, as well as hypotonia, spasticity and cerebellar ataxia. Roughly half of affected patients die of respiratory or cardiac failure by the age of three. Leigh syndrome is a maternally inherited disorder and its diagnosis is established through genetic testing of the aforementioned mitochondrial genes, including MT-ND3.^[7] These complex I genes have been associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and the previously mentioned Leigh syndrome.^[8]

Interactions[edit]

MT-ND3 has been shown to have 5 binary protein-protein interactions including 2 co-complex interactions. MT-ND3 appears to interact with APP and NDUFA9.^[16]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198840 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000064360 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: MT-ND3 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3".
^ ^a ^b ^c Donald Voet; Judith G. Voet; Charlotte W. Pratt (2013). "18". Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 581–620. ISBN 9780470547847.
^ ^a ^b Thorburn DR, Rahman S (1993–2015). "Mitochondrial DNA-Associated Leigh Syndrome and NARP". In Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJ, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong CT, Smith RJ, Stephens K (eds.). GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301352.
^ ^a ^b La Morgia C, Caporali L, Gandini F, Olivieri A, Toni F, Nassetti S, Brunetto D, Stipa C, Scaduto C, Parmeggiani A, Tonon C, Lodi R, Torroni A, Carelli V (May 2014). "Association of the mtDNA m.4171C>A/MT-ND1 mutation with both optic neuropathy and bilateral brainstem lesions". BMC Neurology. 14: 116. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-14-116. PMC 4047257. PMID 24884847.
^ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
^ "NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
^ "Complete mitochondrial genome sequences". megasun.bch.umontreal.ca. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ Mindell DP, Sorenson MD, Dimcheff DE (November 1998). "An extra nucleotide is not translated in mitochondrial ND3 of some birds and turtles". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 (11): 1568–71. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025884. PMID 12572620.
^ Chiari Y, Cahais V, Galtier N, Delsuc F (July 2012). "Phylogenomic analyses support the position of turtles as the sister group of birds and crocodiles (Archosauria)". BMC Biology. 10: 65. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-65. PMC 3473239. PMID 22839781.
^ Crawford NG, Faircloth BC, McCormack JE, Brumfield RT, Winker K, Glenn TC (October 2012). "More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs". Biology Letters. 8 (5): 783–6. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331. PMC 3440978. PMID 22593086.
^ "MT-ND3 - NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 - Homo sapiens (Human)". UniProt.org: a hub for protein information. The UniProt Consortium.
^ "5 binary interactions found for search term MT-ND3". IntAct Molecular Interaction Database. EMBL-EBI. Retrieved 2018-08-25.

External links[edit]

Mass spectrometry characterization of MT-ND3 at COPaKB

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198840 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000064360 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[EntrezMTND3-5] "Entrez Gene: MT-ND3 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3".

[Biochem-6] Donald Voet; Judith G. Voet; Charlotte W. Pratt (2013). "18". Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 581–620. ISBN 9780470547847.

[GeneReviews-7] Thorburn DR, Rahman S (1993–2015). "Mitochondrial DNA-Associated Leigh Syndrome and NARP". In Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJ, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong CT, Smith RJ, Stephens K (eds.). GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301352.

[MTND1mutation-8] La Morgia C, Caporali L, Gandini F, Olivieri A, Toni F, Nassetti S, Brunetto D, Stipa C, Scaduto C, Parmeggiani A, Tonon C, Lodi R, Torroni A, Carelli V (May 2014). "Association of the mtDNA m.4171C>A/MT-ND1 mutation with both optic neuropathy and bilateral brainstem lesions". BMC Neurology. 14: 116. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-14-116. PMC 4047257. PMID 24884847.

[Zong_2013-9] Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.

[ur_COPaKB-10] "NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).

[11] "Complete mitochondrial genome sequences". megasun.bch.umontreal.ca. Retrieved 2017-02-20.

[12] Mindell DP, Sorenson MD, Dimcheff DE (November 1998). "An extra nucleotide is not translated in mitochondrial ND3 of some birds and turtles". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 (11): 1568–71. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025884. PMID 12572620.

[13] Chiari Y, Cahais V, Galtier N, Delsuc F (July 2012). "Phylogenomic analyses support the position of turtles as the sister group of birds and crocodiles (Archosauria)". BMC Biology. 10: 65. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-65. PMC 3473239. PMID 22839781.

[14] Crawford NG, Faircloth BC, McCormack JE, Brumfield RT, Winker K, Glenn TC (October 2012). "More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs". Biology Letters. 8 (5): 783–6. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331. PMC 3440978. PMID 22593086.

[15] "MT-ND3 - NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 - Homo sapiens (Human)". UniProt.org: a hub for protein information. The UniProt Consortium.

[16] "5 binary interactions found for search term MT-ND3". IntAct Molecular Interaction Database. EMBL-EBI. Retrieved 2018-08-25.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Mitochondrial protein-coding gene whose product is involved in the respiratory chain}}
-{{PBB|geneid=4537}}
+{{Infobox_gene}}
-'''Mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 3''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the [[mitochondria]]l [[gene]] '''MT-ND3'''.<ref name = EntrezMTND3>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MT-ND3 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4537| accessdate = }}</ref> The ND3 protein is a subunit of [[NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)]], which is located in the [[mitochondrial inner membrane]] and is the largest of the five complexes of the [[electron transport chain]].<ref name = Biochem>{{cite book|last1=Pratt|first1=Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W.|title=Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=9780470547847|chapter = 18 | pages=581–620|edition=4th ed.}}</ref> Variants of MT-ND3 are associated with [[Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes]] (MELAS), [[Leigh's syndrome]] (LS) and [[Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy]] (LHON).<ref name=GeneReviews>{{cite book | title = GeneReviews [Internet] | editor = Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJ, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong CT, Smith RJ Stephens K | author = Thorburn DR, Rahman S | chapter = Mitochondrial DNA-Associated Leigh Syndrome and NARP | chapterurl = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1173 | publisher = University of Washington, Seattle | location = Seattle (WA) | date = 1993–2015 }}</ref><ref name=MTND1mutation>{{cite journal | vauthors = La Morgia C, Caporali L, Gandini F, Olivieri A, Toni F, Nassetti S, Brunetto D, Stipa C, Scaduto C, Parmeggiani A, Tonon C, Lodi R, Torroni A, Carelli V | title = Association of the mtDNA m.4171C→A/MT-ND1 mutation with both optic neuropathy and bilateral brainstem lesions | journal = BMC Neurology | volume = 14 | pmid = 24884847 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2377-14-116 }}</ref>
+[[File:Map of the human mitochondrial genome.svg|thumb|320px|Location of the ''MT-ND3'' gene in the human mitochondrial genome. ''MT-ND3'' is one of the seven NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial genes (yellow boxes).]]
+'''MT-ND3''' is a [[gene]] of the [[mitochondrial genome]] coding for the '''NADH dehydrogenase 3''' (ND3) protein.<ref name = EntrezMTND3>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MT-ND3 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4537}}</ref> The ND3 protein is a subunit of [[NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)]], which is located in the [[mitochondrial inner membrane]] and is the largest of the five complexes of the [[electron transport chain]].<ref name = Biochem>{{cite book|author=Donald Voet|author2=Judith G. Voet|author3=Charlotte W. Pratt|title=Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=9780470547847|chapter = 18 | pages=581–620|edition=4th}}</ref> Variants of MT-ND3 are associated with [[Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes]] (MELAS), [[Leigh's syndrome]] (LS) and [[Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy]] (LHON).<ref name=GeneReviews>{{cite book | title = GeneReviews [Internet] | veditors = Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJ, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong CT, Smith RJ, Stephens K | vauthors = Thorburn DR, Rahman S | chapter = Mitochondrial DNA-Associated Leigh Syndrome and NARP | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1173 | publisher = University of Washington, Seattle | location = Seattle (WA) | date = 1993–2015 | pmid = 20301352 }}</ref><ref name=MTND1mutation>{{cite journal | vauthors = La Morgia C, Caporali L, Gandini F, Olivieri A, Toni F, Nassetti S, Brunetto D, Stipa C, Scaduto C, Parmeggiani A, Tonon C, Lodi R, Torroni A, Carelli V | title = Association of the mtDNA m.4171C>A/MT-ND1 mutation with both optic neuropathy and bilateral brainstem lesions | journal = BMC Neurology | volume = 14 | pages = 116 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24884847 | pmc = 4047257 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2377-14-116 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 == Structure ==
+=== General features ===
-MT-ND3 is located in mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,059 to 10,404.<ref name = EntrezMTND3 /> The MT-ND3 gene produces a 13 kDa protein composed of 115 amino acids.<ref name = "Zong_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = Oct 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}</ref><ref name="ur_COPaKB">{{cite web | url = http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=P03897 | work = Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) | title = NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 }}</ref> MT-ND3 is one of seven mitochondrially-encoded subunits of the enzyme [[NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)]]. Also known as [[Complex I]], it is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, [[hydrophobic]] [[transmembrane]] domain and a [[hydrophilic]] domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. MT-ND3 and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.<ref name = Biochem>{{cite book|last1=Pratt|first1=Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W.|title=Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level | date=2013 | publisher=Wiley | location = Hoboken, NJ| isbn=9780470547847|chapter = 18 | pages=581–620|edition=4th ed.}}</ref>
+MT-ND3 is located in human [[mitochondrial DNA]] from base pair 10,059 to 10,404.<ref name = EntrezMTND3 /> The MT-ND3 gene produces a 13 kDa protein composed of 115 amino acids.<ref name = "Zong_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}</ref><ref name="ur_COPaKB">{{cite web | url = https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/P03897 | work = Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) | title = NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 }}</ref> MT-ND3 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme [[NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)]], together with [[MT-ND1]], [[MT-ND2]], [[MT-ND4]], [[MT-ND4L]], [[MT-ND5]], and [[MT-ND6]]. Also known as [[Complex I]], this enzyme is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, [[hydrophobic]] [[transmembrane]] domain and a [[hydrophilic]] domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. The MT-ND3 product and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.<ref name = Biochem />
+=== Untranslated extra nucleotide ===
+In the MT-ND3 gene from many species of birds and turtles <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/ogmp/projects/other/mt_list.html|title=Complete mitochondrial genome sequences|website=megasun.bch.umontreal.ca|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref> there is an extra nucleotide that is not translated to protein.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mindell DP, Sorenson MD, Dimcheff DE | title = An extra nucleotide is not translated in mitochondrial ND3 of some birds and turtles | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 1568–71 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 12572620 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025884 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
+[[Translational frameshifting]] or [[RNA editing]] are alternative explanations for maintenance of the functionality of the ND3 reading frame in birds possessing the one-nucleotide insertion.
+This extra nucleotide feature suggests that turtles might be related to [[Archosauria]], as evidenced by [[molecular phylogeny]] studies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiari Y, Cahais V, Galtier N, Delsuc F | title = Phylogenomic analyses support the position of turtles as the sister group of birds and crocodiles (Archosauria) | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 10 | pages = 65 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22839781 | pmc = 3473239 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-10-65 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Crawford NG, Faircloth BC, McCormack JE, Brumfield RT, Winker K, Glenn TC | title = More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 783–6 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22593086 | pmc = 3440978 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331 }}</ref> The absence of the extra nucleotide in crocodilians and some birds and turtles might also indicate that the corresponding taxa have lost this feature.
 == Function ==
-MT-ND3 is a subunit of the respiratory chain [[Complex I]] that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze [[NADH]] dehydrogenation and [[electron transfer]] to [[ubiquinone]] (coenzyme Q10).<ref>{{cite web|title=MT-ND3 - NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 - Homo sapiens (Human)|url=http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03897|website=UniProt.org: a hub for protein information|publisher=The UniProt Consortium}}</ref> Initially, [[NADH]] binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the [[isoalloxazine ring]] of the [[flavin mononucleotide]] (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH<sub>2</sub>. The electrons are transferred through a series of [[iron-sulfur protein|iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters]] in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to [[ubiquinol]] (CoQH<sub>2</sub>). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and p''K'' shift of the ionizable side chain, which pumps four hydrogen ions out of the mitochondrial matrix.<ref name = Biochem />
+The MT-ND3 product is a subunit of the respiratory chain [[Complex I]] that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze [[NADH]] dehydrogenation and [[electron transfer]] to [[ubiquinone]] (coenzyme Q10).<ref>{{cite web|title=MT-ND3 - NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 - Homo sapiens (Human)|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03897|website=UniProt.org: a hub for protein information|publisher=The UniProt Consortium}}</ref> Initially, [[NADH]] binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the [[isoalloxazine ring]] of the [[flavin mononucleotide]] (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH<sub>2</sub>. The electrons are transferred through a series of [[iron-sulfur protein|iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters]] in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to [[ubiquinol]] (CoQH<sub>2</sub>). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and p''K'' shift of the ionizable side chain, which pumps four hydrogen ions out of the mitochondrial matrix.<ref name = Biochem/>
 == Clinical significance ==
-Pathogenic variants of the mitochondrial gene MT-ND3 are known to cause mtDNA-associated [[Leigh syndrome]], as are variants of [[MT-ATP6]], [[MT-TL1]], [[MT-TK]], [[MT-TW]], [[MT-TV (mitochondrial)|MT-TV]], [[MT-ND1]], [[MT-ND2]], [[MT-ND4]], [[MT-ND5]], [[MT-ND6]] and [[MT-CO3]]. Abnormalities in mitochondrial energy generation result in neurodegenerative disorders like Leigh syndrome, which is characterized by an onset of symptoms between 12 months and three years of age. The symptoms frequently present themselves following a viral infection and include movement disorders and peripheral neuropathy, as well as hypotonia, spasticity and cerebellar ataxia. Roughly half of affected patients die of respiratory or cardiac failure by the age of three. [[Leigh syndrome]] is a maternally inherited disorder and its diagnosis is established through genetic testing of the aforementioned mitochondrial genes, including MT-ND3.<ref name=GeneReviews /> These [[complex I]] genes have been associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including [[Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy]] (LHON), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with stroke-like episodes ([[MELAS]]) and the previously mentioned [[Leigh syndrome]].<ref name=MTND1mutation />
+Pathogenic variants of the mitochondrial gene MT-ND3 are known to cause mtDNA-associated [[Leigh syndrome]], as are variants of [[MT-ATP6]], [[MT-TL1]], [[MT-TK]], [[MT-TW]], [[MT-TV (mitochondrial)|MT-TV]], [[MT-ND1]], [[MT-ND2]], [[MT-ND4]], [[MT-ND5]], [[MT-ND6]] and [[MT-CO3]]. Abnormalities in mitochondrial energy generation result in neurodegenerative disorders like Leigh syndrome, which is characterized by an onset of symptoms between 12 months and three years of age. The symptoms frequently present themselves following a viral infection and include movement disorders and [[peripheral neuropathy]], as well as [[hypotonia]], [[spasticity]] and [[cerebellar ataxia]]. Roughly half of affected patients die of respiratory or cardiac failure by the age of three. [[Leigh syndrome]] is a maternally inherited disorder and its diagnosis is established through [[genetic testing]] of the aforementioned mitochondrial genes, including MT-ND3.<ref name=GeneReviews /> These [[complex I]] genes have been associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including [[Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy]] (LHON), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with stroke-like episodes ([[MELAS]]) and the previously mentioned [[Leigh syndrome]].<ref name=MTND1mutation />
+== Interactions ==
+MT-ND3 has been shown to have 5 binary [[Protein–protein interaction|protein-protein interactions]] including 2 co-complex interactions. MT-ND3 appears to interact with APP and [[NDUFA9]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/interactions?conversationContext=3&query=MT-ND3 | title = 5 binary interactions found for search term MT-ND3 | work = IntAct Molecular Interaction Database | publisher = EMBL-EBI | access-date = 2018-08-25 }}</ref>
 == References ==
@@ Line 19: / Line 31: @@
 == Further reading ==
 {{refbegin|33em}}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ | title = Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree | journal = Trends in Genetics | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 339–45 | date = Jun 2006 | pmid = 16678300 | doi = 10.1016/j.tig.2006.04.001 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leshinsky-Silver E, Lev D, Tzofi-Berman Z, Cohen S, Saada A, Yanoov-Sharav M, Gilad E, Lerman-Sagie T | title = Fulminant neurological deterioration in a neonate with Leigh syndrome due to a maternally transmitted missense mutation in the mitochondrial ND3 gene | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 334 | issue = 2 | pages = 582–7 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16023078 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.134 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horai S, Hayasaka K, Kondo R, Tsugane K, Takahata N | title = Recent African origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 92 | issue = 2 | pages = 532–6 | date = Jan 1995 | pmid = 7530363 | pmc = 42775 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.2.532 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Levy RJ, Ríos PG, Akman HO, Sciacco M, Vivo DC, DiMauro S | title = Long survival in patients with leigh syndrome and the m.10191T>C mutation in MT-ND3 : a case report and review of the literature | journal = Journal of Child Neurology | volume = 29 | issue = 10 | pages = NP105–10 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 24284231 | pmc = 4035473 | doi = 10.1177/0883073813506783 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Pääbo S, Gyllensten U | title = Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans | journal = Nature | volume = 408 | issue = 6813 | pages = 708–13 | date = Dec 2000 | pmid = 11130070 | doi = 10.1038/35047064 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Grosso S, Carluccio MA, Cardaioli E, Cerase A, Malandrini A, Romano C, Federico A, Dotti MT | title = Complex I deficiency related to T10158C mutation ND3 gene: A further definition of the clinical spectrum | journal = Brain & Development | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 261–265 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27742419 | doi = 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.09.013 | s2cid = 6565853 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Finnilä S, Lehtonen MS, Majamaa K | title = Phylogenetic network for European mtDNA | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 1475–84 | date = Jun 2001 | pmid = 11349229 | pmc = 1226134 | doi = 10.1086/320591 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ | title = Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree | journal = Trends in Genetics | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 339–45 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16678300 | doi = 10.1016/j.tig.2006.04.001 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Larruga JM, Flores C, Cabrera VM | title = Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 2 | pages = 13 | year = 2003 | pmid = 11553319 | pmc = 55343 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-2-13 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horai S, Hayasaka K, Kondo R, Tsugane K, Takahata N | title = Recent African origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 92 | issue = 2 | pages = 532–6 | date = January 1995 | pmid = 7530363 | pmc = 42775 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.2.532 | bibcode = 1995PNAS...92..532H | doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Pääbo S, Gyllensten U | title = Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans | journal = Nature | volume = 408 | issue = 6813 | pages = 708–13 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11130070 | doi = 10.1038/35047064 | bibcode = 2000Natur.408..708I | s2cid = 52850476 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Finnilä S, Lehtonen MS, Majamaa K | title = Phylogenetic network for European mtDNA | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 1475–84 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11349229 | pmc = 1226134 | doi = 10.1086/320591 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Larruga JM, Flores C, Cabrera VM | title = Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 2 | pages = 13 | year = 2003 | pmid = 11553319 | pmc = 55343 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-2-13 | doi-access = free }}
 * {{cite journal | vauthors = Herrnstadt C, Elson JL, Fahy E, Preston G, Turnbull DM, Anderson C, Ghosh SS, Olefsky JM, Beal MF, Davis RE, Howell N | title = Reduced-median-network analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding-region sequences for the major African, Asian, and European haplogroups | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 1152–71 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11938495 | pmc = 447592 | doi = 10.1086/339933 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Silva WA, Bonatto SL, Holanda AJ, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AK, Paixão BM, Goldman GH, Abe-Sandes K, Rodriguez-Delfin L, Barbosa M, Paçó-Larson ML, Petzl-Erler ML, Valente V, Santos SE, Zago MA | title = Mitochondrial genome diversity of Native Americans supports a single early entry of founder populations into America | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 187–92 | date = Jul 2002 | pmid = 12022039 | pmc = 384978 | doi = 10.1086/341358 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Silva WA, Bonatto SL, Holanda AJ, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AK, Paixão BM, Goldman GH, Abe-Sandes K, Rodriguez-Delfin L, Barbosa M, Paçó-Larson ML, Petzl-Erler ML, Valente V, Santos SE, Zago MA | title = Mitochondrial genome diversity of Native Americans supports a single early entry of founder populations into America | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 71 | issue = 1 | pages = 187–92 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12022039 | pmc = 384978 | doi = 10.1086/341358 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sudoyo H, Suryadi H, Lertrit P, Pramoonjago P, Lyrawati D, Marzuki S | title = Asian-specific mtDNA backgrounds associated with the primary G11778A mutation of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 47 | issue = 11 | pages = 594–604 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12436196 | doi = 10.1007/s100380200091 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sudoyo H, Suryadi H, Lertrit P, Pramoonjago P, Lyrawati D, Marzuki S | title = Asian-specific mtDNA backgrounds associated with the primary G11778A mutation of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 47 | issue = 11 | pages = 594–604 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12436196 | doi = 10.1007/s100380200091 | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mishmar D, Ruiz-Pesini E, Golik P, Macaulay V, Clark AG, Hosseini S, Brandon M, Easley K, Chen E, Brown MD, Sukernik RI, Olckers A, Wallace DC | title = Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 1 | pages = 171–6 | date = Jan 2003 | pmid = 12509511 | pmc = 140917 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0136972100 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mishmar D, Ruiz-Pesini E, Golik P, Macaulay V, Clark AG, Hosseini S, Brandon M, Easley K, Chen E, Brown MD, Sukernik RI, Olckers A, Wallace DC | title = Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 1 | pages = 171–6 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12509511 | pmc = 140917 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0136972100 | bibcode = 2003PNAS..100..171M | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ingman M, Gyllensten U | title = Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines | journal = Genome Research | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 1600–6 | date = Jul 2003 | pmid = 12840039 | pmc = 403733 | doi = 10.1101/gr.686603 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ingman M, Gyllensten U | title = Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines | journal = Genome Research | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 1600–6 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12840039 | pmc = 403733 | doi = 10.1101/gr.686603 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kong QP, Yao YG, Sun C, Bandelt HJ, Zhu CL, Zhang YP | title = Phylogeny of east Asian mitochondrial DNA lineages inferred from complete sequences | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 73 | issue = 3 | pages = 671–6 | date = Sep 2003 | pmid = 12870132 | pmc = 1180693 | doi = 10.1086/377718 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kong QP, Yao YG, Sun C, Bandelt HJ, Zhu CL, Zhang YP | title = Phylogeny of east Asian mitochondrial DNA lineages inferred from complete sequences | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 73 | issue = 3 | pages = 671–6 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12870132 | pmc = 1180693 | doi = 10.1086/377718 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Moilanen JS, Finnila S, Majamaa K | title = Lineage-specific selection in human mtDNA: lack of polymorphisms in a segment of MTND5 gene in haplogroup J | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 20 | issue = 12 | pages = 2132–42 | date = Dec 2003 | pmid = 12949126 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msg230 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Moilanen JS, Finnila S, Majamaa K | title = Lineage-specific selection in human mtDNA: lack of polymorphisms in a segment of MTND5 gene in haplogroup J | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 20 | issue = 12 | pages = 2132–42 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 12949126 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msg230 | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Coble MD, Just RS, O'Callaghan JE, Letmanyi IH, Peterson CT, Irwin JA, Parsons TJ | title = Single nucleotide polymorphisms over the entire mtDNA genome that increase the power of forensic testing in Caucasians | journal = International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 137–46 | date = Jun 2004 | pmid = 14760490 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-004-0427-6 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Coble MD, Just RS, O'Callaghan JE, Letmanyi IH, Peterson CT, Irwin JA, Parsons TJ | title = Single nucleotide polymorphisms over the entire mtDNA genome that increase the power of forensic testing in Caucasians | journal = International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume = 118 | issue = 3 | pages = 137–46 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 14760490 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-004-0427-6 | s2cid = 8413730 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Crimi M, Papadimitriou A, Galbiati S, Palamidou P, Fortunato F, Bordoni A, Papandreou U, Papadimitriou D, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Drogari E, Bresolin N, Comi GP | title = A new mitochondrial DNA mutation in ND3 gene causing severe Leigh syndrome with early lethality | journal = Pediatric Research | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 842–6 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 14764913 | doi = 10.1203/01.PDR.0000117844.73436.68 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Crimi M, Papadimitriou A, Galbiati S, Palamidou P, Fortunato F, Bordoni A, Papandreou U, Papadimitriou D, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Drogari E, Bresolin N, Comi GP | title = A new mitochondrial DNA mutation in ND3 gene causing severe Leigh syndrome with early lethality | journal = Pediatric Research | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 842–6 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 14764913 | doi = 10.1203/01.PDR.0000117844.73436.68 | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tanaka M, Cabrera VM, González AM, Larruga JM, Takeyasu T, Fuku N, Guo LJ, Hirose R, Fujita Y, Kurata M, Shinoda K, Umetsu K, Yamada Y, Oshida Y, Sato Y, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Arai Y, Hirose N, Ohta S, Ogawa O, Tanaka Y, Kawamori R, Shamoto-Nagai M, Maruyama W, Shimokata H, Suzuki R, Shimodaira H | title = Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 10A | pages = 1832–50 | date = Oct 2004 | pmid = 15466285 | pmc = 524407 | doi = 10.1101/gr.2286304 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tanaka M, Cabrera VM, González AM, Larruga JM, Takeyasu T, Fuku N, Guo LJ, Hirose R, Fujita Y, Kurata M, Shinoda K, Umetsu K, Yamada Y, Oshida Y, Sato Y, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Arai Y, Hirose N, Ohta S, Ogawa O, Tanaka Y, Kawamori R, Shamoto-Nagai M, Maruyama W, Shimokata H, Suzuki R, Shimodaira H | title = Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 10A | pages = 1832–50 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15466285 | pmc = 524407 | doi = 10.1101/gr.2286304 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Palanichamy MG, Sun C, Agrawal S, Bandelt HJ, Kong QP, Khan F, Wang CY, Chaudhuri TK, Palla V, Zhang YP | title = Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of South Asia | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 75 | issue = 6 | pages = 966–78 | date = Dec 2004 | pmid = 15467980 | pmc = 1182158 | doi = 10.1086/425871 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Palanichamy MG, Sun C, Agrawal S, Bandelt HJ, Kong QP, Khan F, Wang CY, Chaudhuri TK, Palla V, Zhang YP | title = Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of South Asia | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 75 | issue = 6 | pages = 966–78 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15467980 | pmc = 1182158 | doi = 10.1086/425871 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Starikovskaya EB, Sukernik RI, Derbeneva OA, Volodko NV, Ruiz-Pesini E, Torroni A, Brown MD, Lott MT, Hosseini SH, Huoponen K, Wallace DC | title = Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 69 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 67–89 | date = Jan 2005 | pmid = 15638829 | doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Starikovskaya EB, Sukernik RI, Derbeneva OA, Volodko NV, Ruiz-Pesini E, Torroni A, Brown MD, Lott MT, Hosseini SH, Huoponen K, Wallace DC | title = Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 69 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 67–89 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15638829 | pmc = 3905771 | doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x }}
 * {{cite journal | vauthors = Achilli A, Rengo C, Battaglia V, Pala M, Olivieri A, Fornarino S, Magri C, Scozzari R, Babudri N, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Bandelt HJ, Semino O, Torroni A | title = Saami and Berbers--an unexpected mitochondrial DNA link | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 76 | issue = 5 | pages = 883–6 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15791543 | pmc = 1199377 | doi = 10.1086/430073 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rajkumar R, Banerjee J, Gunturi HB, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK | title = Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 5 | pages = 26 | year = 2006 | pmid = 15804362 | pmc = 1079809 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-5-26 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rajkumar R, Banerjee J, Gunturi HB, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK | title = Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 5 | pages = 26 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15804362 | pmc = 1079809 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-5-26 | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Friedlaender J, Schurr T, Gentz F, Koki G, Friedlaender F, Horvat G, Babb P, Cerchio S, Kaestle F, Schanfield M, Deka R, Yanagihara R, Merriwether DA | title = Expanding Southwest Pacific mitochondrial haplogroups P and Q | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 1506–17 | date = Jun 2005 | pmid = 15814828 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi142 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Friedlaender J, Schurr T, Gentz F, Koki G, Friedlaender F, Horvat G, Babb P, Cerchio S, Kaestle F, Schanfield M, Deka R, Yanagihara R, Merriwether DA | title = Expanding Southwest Pacific mitochondrial haplogroups P and Q | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 1506–17 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15814828 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi142 | doi-access = free }}
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 45: / Line 60: @@
 {{Mitochondrial enzymes}}
+[[Category:Proteins]]
+[[Category:Human mitochondrial genes]]