Peking University and Henry Beaufort: Difference between pages

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{{infobox University
{{Infobox Bishop
|name= Peking University <br> 北京大学
| name =Henry Beaufort
|image_name= Peking_University.svg
| image =
|established= 1898
| religion =Catholic
|type= [[Public University|Public]]
| see =[[Diocese of Winchester]]
|president= [[Xu Zhihong|Xu Zhihong (许智宏)]]
| bishop_of = [[Bishop of Winchester]]
|city= [[Beijing]]
| enthroned = 1404
|country= [[China]]
| ended = 1447
|undergrad = 15,128
| predecessor = [[William of Wykeham]]
|postgrad = 15,039
| successor =[[William Waynflete]]
|faculty = 4,206
| ordination =
|campus= [[Urban area|Urban]], 273 [[hectare|ha]]
| other_post = Bishop of Lincoln
|affiliations=[[International Alliance of Research Universities|IARU]], [[APRU]], [[BESETOHA Universities|BESETOHA]]
| birth_date = about 1375
|website= [http://www.pku.edu.cn/ www.pku.edu.cn]
| birth_place =
|image name = PKU-plaque.jpg‎ <bra> Imperial University of Peking
| death_date = [[11 April]] [[1447]]
| death_place =
}}
}}
'''Peking University''' ({{zh-tsp|t=北京大學|s=北京大学|p=Běijīng Dàxué}}) of [[Beijing]], colloquially known in Chinese as '''Beida''' (北大, ''Běidà''), is the first formally established university, and the first national university of China. It was founded as '''Imperial Capital University''' in 1898 as a replacement of the ancient [[Guozijian]] (國子監 guózǐjiàn)<ref>[http://hi.baidu.com/yiyi/blog/item/ec385c60a0da9cde8db10d19.html]</ref>. By 1920 it had become a center for progressive thought. Today, most national and international rankings place Peking University amongst the top universities in China.<ref> [http://www.arwu.org/rank/2006/ARWU2006_TopAsia.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/universityranking1.php]</ref><ref>[http://66.102.9.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=zh-CN%7Cen&u=http://rank2008.netbig.com/cn/rnk_1_0_0.htm&usg=ALkJrhg-R6R1hxyclErwaWM5azZaXdUeDA]</ref><ref>[http://www.china-university-ranking.com/]</ref><ref>[http://www.universitymetrics.com/tiki-index.php?page=Top+300+Universities+2006&PHPSESSID=097539296a56ac89458242de5a67e6bf]</ref><ref>[http://www.ensmp.fr/Actualites/PR/EMP-ranking.html][http://gse.sjtu.edu.cn/kxyj/articles/en/ELW2005003--Univ%20ranking%20in%20China%202005%20HEE_30_02%20p10.pdf]</ref> In addition to its academics, the Peking University is especially renowned for the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture at its campus ground.<ref>[http://bschool.nus.edu.sg/NUSPKUMBA/AboutPekingUniversity/Overview/tabid/412/Default.aspx About Peking University.] [[National University of Singapore]]</ref>


'''Henry Beaufort''' (c. 1375 &ndash; [[11 April]] [[1447]]), was a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[English people|English]] clergyman and [[Bishop of Winchester]],<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Henry Beaufort Plantagenet}}</ref> an anomaly in being both a bishop and a member of the royal [[house of Plantagenet]].<ref>Joel Thomas Rosenthal, "The Training of an Elite Group: English Bishops in the Fifteenth Century" ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', New Series, '''60'''.5 (1970:1-54) p. 7.</ref>
Throughout its history, the university has distinguished himself from the peers in terms of intellectual freedom and have produced and hosted many of modern China's top thinkers, including [[Lu Xun]], [[Mao Zedong]], [[Hu Shih]], [[Li Dazhao]], [[Gu Hongming]], and [[Chen Duxiu]]<ref>[http://www.pku.edu.cn/about/about/beida/mingren.htm]</ref>. The Peking University was the among the birthplaces for China's [[New Culture Movement]], [[May Fourth Movement]], the [[Tiananmen Square protest of 1989]] and many other significant events.<ref name="br">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/449011/Peking-University#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Peking%20University%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia|title=Peking University|publisher=''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''|date=2008-08-21}}</ref>


== History ==
==Life==
The second son of [[John of Gaunt]] and his mistress [[Katherine Swynford]], Beaufort was born in [[Anjou]], an English domain in France, in about 1374 and educated for a career in the Church. Subsequently their cousin [[Richard II of England]] declared he and his two brothers and one sister legitimate about 1390.<ref>There is some confusion on this point; there seems to have been another such procedure in 1397, involving [[Parliament]].</ref> On [[27 February]] [[1398]] he was nominated [[Bishop of Lincoln]] and on [[14 July]] [[1398]] he was consecrated.<ref name=Powicke236>Powicke ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 236</ref> When his half-brother deposed Richard and took the throne as [[Henry IV of England]], he made Bishop Beaufort [[Lord Chancellor]] of England in 1403.<ref name=Powicke85>Powicke ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 85</ref> Beaufort resigned that position in 1404 when he was appointed [[Bishop of Winchester]] on [[19 November]].<ref name=Powicke258>Powicke ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 258</ref>
[[Image:PekingUniversityPic6.jpg|thumb|208px|The Peking University's West Gate, one of the symbols of the university campus]]
Peking University was established in Beijing in December 1898 during the [[Hundred Days Reform]] and was originally known as the Imperial Capital University ({{zh-tsp|t=京師大學堂|s=京师大学堂|p=Jīngshī Dàxuétáng}}) to replace the ancient [[Guozijian]] (國子監 guózǐjiàn). In 1902, the Imperial Capital University's Faculty of Education was spinned off to become today's [[Beijing Normal University]], the best teacher's college in China. In 1912, following the Xinhai Revolution, the Imperial University was renamed the National Peking University ({{zh-ts|t=國立北京大學|s=国立北京大学}}). The famous scholar [[Cai Yuanpei]] was appointed president on January 4 1917 and helped transform the university into the country's largest institution of higher learning, with 14 departments and an enrollment of more than 2,000 students. Cai, inspired by the German model of academic freedom, recruited an intellectually diverse faculty that included [[Hu Shi]], [[Chen Duxiu]], and [[Lu Xun]]. In 1919 students of Peking University formed the bulk of the protesters of the [[May Fourth Movement]]. Efforts by the Beiyang government to end to protests by sealing off the Peking University campus led to Cai's resignation. In 1920 Peking University became the second Chinese university to accept female students, after [[Nanjing University]].
[[Image:PekingUniversitycampus3.jpg|thumb|180px|left|The white marble ''huabiao'' (華表 or 华表), or ''ornamental pillars '' on the campus ground]]
After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 (and the resulting expansion of Japanese territorial control in east China), Peking University moved to [[Changsha]] and formed the Changsha Temporary University along with Tsinghua University and Nankai University. In 1938, the three schools moved again, this time to [[Kunming]], and formed the National Southwestern United University. In 1946, after World War II, Peking University moved back to Beijing. At that time, the university comprised six schools (Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Engineering, and Agriculture), and a research institute for humanities. The total student enrollment grew up to 3,000.


Between 1411 and 1413 Bishop Beaufort was in political disgrace for siding with his nephew, the [[Prince of Wales]], against the King, but when King Henry IV died and the Prince became [[Henry V of England]], he made his uncle Chancellor again in 1413; however, Beaufort resigned the position in 1417.<ref name=Powicke85/> [[Pope Martin V]] offered the Bishop a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]'s hat, but King Henry V would not let him accept it. Henry V died in 1422, shortly after making himself heir to France by marrying [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]'s daughter, and their infant son [[Henry VI of England]]. Bishop Beaufort and the child king's other uncles formed the [[Regency Government of England 1422-1437]], and in 1424 Beaufort became Chancellor once more, but was forced to resign again in 1426<ref name=Powicke85/> because of disputes with the King's other uncles.
In 1952, three years after the People's Republic of China was established, the [[Yenching University]] was merged into Peking University and Peking University lost its "national" appellation to reflect the fact that all universities under the new socialist state would be public. In 1952 Peking University moved from downtown Beijing to the former Yenching campus. The first disturbances of the Cultural Revolution began at Peking University in 1966; education there ceased between 1966 and 1970. Since then, the university has reasserted its position as one of the leading universities of China.


The Pope finally made him a Cardinal in 1426,<ref name=Powicke85/> and in 1427 made him [[Papal Legate]] for [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], and [[Bohemia]]. Beaufort continued to be active in English politics for years, fighting with the other powerful advisors to the King and always managing to extricate himself from the snares they set for him. He died on [[11 April]] [[1447]]<ref name=Powicke258/> and was laid to rest in a tomb in [[Winchester Cathedral]]. He suffered from [[delirium]] on his deathbed and, as he hallucinated, according to legend he offered [[Death (personification)|Death]] the whole treasury of England in return for living a while longer.
In 2000, [[Beijing Medical University]] was merged into Peking University and became the Peking University Health Science Campus. Beida now has eight affiliated hospitals and 12 teaching hospitals.


== Affair and daughter ==
In 2001, Peking University set up a satellite campus in Shenzhen. The university's second business school openned its door on this campus in 2004, and was renamed Beida HSBC School of Business in 2008.


During his youth, most likely while studying at [[Cambridge University]], Henry had an affair with, some believe, [[Alice Fitzalan]] (1378&ndash;1415), the daughter of [[Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel|Richard Fitzalan]] and [[Elizabeth de Bohun]], though there is no real evidence to support this. He fathered an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort, in 1402. Both Jane and her husband Sir Edward Stradling, were named in Cardinal Beaufort's will. Their marriage about 1423 brought Sir Edward into the political orbit of his shrewd and assertive father-in-law, to whom he may have owed his appointment as chamberlain of [[South Wales]] in December of 1423, a position he held until March of 1437.<ref>R. A. Griffiths, ''Conquerors and Conquered in Medieval Wales'', 1994</ref> The idea of Jane's mother being Alice Fitzalan is possibly a legend of Tudor-era descendants of Sir Edward and Jane Stradling. There is no late-14th/early-15th century documentation to support this affair at all, and the surviving documentation entirely discounts it. However, a blood connection to Cardinal Beaufort would itself be prestigious, regardless of the mother or her marital status. Illegitimacy has never been viewed as detrimental in Wales.
== Academic reputation ==
[[Image:Weiming lake peking university.jpg|thumb|250px|The weiming lake, located in the middle of the university campus]]
[[Image:PekingUniversityPic2.jpg|thumb|250px|Peking University during spring]]
[[Image:PekingUniversityPic3.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
[[Image:PekingUniversitycampus1.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
Most national and international rankings of Chinese universities place Peking University amongst top universities in China<ref>[http://www.arwu.org/rank/2006/ARWU2006_TopAsia.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/universityranking1.php]</ref><ref>[http://66.102.9.104/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=zh-CN%7Cen&u=http://rank2008.netbig.com/cn/rnk_1_0_0.htm&usg=ALkJrhg-R6R1hxyclErwaWM5azZaXdUeDA]</ref><ref>[http://www.china-university-ranking.com/]</ref><ref>[http://www.universitymetrics.com/tiki-index.php?page=Top+300+Universities+2006&PHPSESSID=097539296a56ac89458242de5a67e6bf]</ref><ref>[http://www.ensmp.fr/Actualites/PR/EMP-ranking.html]</ref><ref>[http://gse.sjtu.edu.cn/kxyj/articles/en/ELW2005003--Univ%20ranking%20in%20China%202005%20HEE_30_02%20p10.pdf]</ref>. ''[[The Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' in 2006 ranked Peking University as the 14th best university in the world, taking the highest spot in Asia<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/top_200_universities/ THES - QS World University Rankings 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.paked.net/higher_education/rankings/times_2006.htm The Top 200 World University Rankings]</ref>; the same ranking in 2007 placed the University at 36th best worldwide, still the highest in the Chinese mainland.<ref>[http://uniranks.unifiedself.com/2007top200.html World University Rankings 2007]</ref>


==See also==
Peking University is a comprehensive and [[national key university]] [http://news.sohu.com/14/84/news202198414.shtml 全国重点大学]. The University consists of 30 colleges and 12 departments, with 93 specialties for undergraduates, 2 specialties for the second [[Bachelor's degree]], 199 specialties for [[Master's degree]] candidates and 173 specialties for [[Doctorate|Doctoral candidates]]. While in a leading position of [[basic sciences]] research and teaching, the university has gained itself very successful development of [[applied sciences]].
*[[List of bishops of Lincoln and precursor offices]]

*[[List of bishops of Winchester]]
At present, Peking university has 216 research institutions and research centres, including 2 national engineering research centres, 81 key national disciplines, 12 national key laboratories. With eight million holdings, the university [[library]] is the largest of its kind in Asia.
*[[List of Lord Chancellors and Lord Keepers]]
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Ximen-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The West Gate]] -->

The university has made an effort to combine the research on fundamental scientific issues with the training of [[personnel]] with high level specialized knowledge and professional skill as demanded by the country's modernization. It strives not only for the simultaneous improvements in teaching and research work, but also for the promotion of interaction and mutual promotion among various subjects.

[[Teaching]] also has been emphasized. It aims to cultivate the students' practical ability and creative power. As a result, the teaching of core courses is strengthened, the content of courses is enriched and renewed and favourable conditions have been created, for the students to develop themselves in [[extracurricular activities]].

Peking University has been becoming a center for teaching and research, consisting of diverse branches of learning such as pure and applied sciences, [[social sciences]] and the [[humanities]], and sciences of [[management]] and [[education]]. Its aim is to rank among the world's best universities in the next couple of decades, with the school's leadership placing great emphasis on developing bilateral relationships with prominent American universities for student and faculty exchanges.

Over the past century, more than 400 Peking University alumni had become presidents of other major Chinese universities, including former [[Tsinghua University|Tsinghua]] President Luo Jialun, [[Renmin University]] President Yuan Baohua, [[Zhejiang University]] President Qian Sanqiang, [[Fudan University]] President Zhang Zhirang, [[Nankai University]] President Teng Weizao, [[Chinese University of Science and Technology]] President Guan Weiyan and so on<ref>[http://club.cn.yahoo.com/bbs/threadview/1100055843_2__pn1.html]</ref>.

== Campus ==
The campus of Peking University was originally located north of [[Forbidden City]] in the center of Beijing, and was later moved to the former campus of [[Yenching University]] in 1952. The current campus is located in northwest Beijing, in the Haidian district, which was concentrated with many well known colleges and universities.

It is located in the former site of [[Qing Dynasty]] royal gardens and it retains traditional Chinese-style landscaping as well as many historical buildings. It is known throughout [[China]], along with its neighbour, [[Tsinghua University]], for their beautiful campuses. The university campus is surrounded by the weiming lake.

Beyond it's main campus, [[Peking University Health Science Center]] ([[PKUHSC]]) is located in Xue Yuan Rd. where the country's most distinguished colleges are located. [[PKUHSC]]'s campus is less aesthetically appealing but is nonetheless a fitting site for academics and research.

In 2001, Peking University's [[Shenzhen]] campus, Shenzhen Graduate School, opened its doors. The campus is located in the northwest part of Shenzhen City.

== National Economic Research Institute ==
[[Image:PekingUniversityPic1.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The Peking University campus, which is situated on a former royal garden, is reputed to rival even the greatest of gardens in all of Beijing in its scenery and design]]
The Director of the National Institute of Economic Research, Professor of Economics of the Peking University and Professor of the graduate school of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences is Prof. Fan Gang. Dr Fan had more than 100 academic papers published in both Chinese and English academic journals, more than 200 articles in newspapers and magazines and had also published several books.Justin Lin, the founding director of the institute, is the World Bank's chief economist, the first time the post has gone to a candidate outside Europe and the United States.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/02/05/business/05wbankFW.php New World Bank economist is first from outside Europe and U.S. - International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

== International students ==
Peking University has one of the largest pools of international students in China. The dorms for international students are located at "Shao Yuan" (Shao Garden). Every year, Peking University has approximately 2,000 international students studying on campus. Its international students are made up of students from most countries in the world including most of Western Europe, North America, South America, all parts of Asia, Australia as well as many countries in Africa.

Since 2006, Peking University has launched a joint undergraduate program with the [[Yale University]]<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/iefp/pku-yale/ Peking University - Yale University. Joint Undergraduate Program in Beijing]</ref><ref name="english"/>; students will spend a semester overseas, living and studying together with the host institute's students.<ref name="english">[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/22/eng20060922_305110.html]</ref>

== Notable alumni, administrators, and faculty ==
{{main|List of Peking University people}}

[[Image:May_Fourth.jpg|thumb|Beida Students & May Fourth Movement]]
Peking University has produced many notable people, especially lead thinkers in modern China. These include Hu Shi, Li Dazhao and Lu Xun. Beida also has two Nobel Prize winners, Tsung-Dao Lee and Yang Chen Ning. Since the year 1948, 586 Peking University alumni have been selected into the renowned Academic Division of the Chinese Academy of Science (两院院士), overshadowing any other universities in China.<ref>[http://www.gotopku.cn/data/detail.php?id=4405 北大招生网<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Peking University is the home both to communist, nationalist and liberal thoughts in modern China.<ref name="br"/> [[Mao Zedong]], [[Chen Duxiu]] and [[Li Dazhao]], all founders of the Communist Party of China, either taught or held offices in the university. [[Lu Xun]], a great contemporary writer, thinker and influential figure of the Chinese New-Culture Movement, which took place in 1919 and sparked China’s anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism march, was also attached to the university.<ref>[http://bbs.myspace.cn/t/3397392.html]</ref> During the [[Cultural Revolution]], Peking University philosophy faculty [[Nie Yuanzi]] notoriously published the first [[Big-character poster]]. Peking University students also led at the [[Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989|Tiananmen Square Protest]] of 1989 for democracy.

===Faculty===
* Qian Xuantong - linguist
* [[Gu Hongming]] 辜鸿铭- writer, advocate of monarchy and Confucian values. Gu preserved his plait even after the overthrow of Qing Dynasty
* [[Chen Duxiu]] 陈独秀- dean of letters, later co-founder of Communist Party of China
* [[Lu Xun]] 鲁迅- writer, a spiritual leader of modern Chinese nationalism
* [[Shen Congwen]] 沈从文- writer
* [[Hu Shih]] 胡适- philosopher, writer and the leader of China's [[New Culture Movement]]
* [[Lin Yutang]] 林语堂　- writer, inventor of the first Chinese typewriter and a new method of romanizing the Chinese language
* [[Fei Xiaotong]]　费孝通　- researcher of sociology and anthropology; chairman of China Democratic Alliance.
* [[Qian Mu]] 钱穆<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/2036.htm?tp=belinked]</ref>- historian, philosopher and confucian.
* [[Liang Shuming]] 梁漱溟 - modern neo-Confucianist. Liang was most famous for his critique of Marxist class theory, stating that, despite obvious disparities of wealth, Chinese rural society could not be unambiguously classified along class lines. One and the same family (particularly the large patriarchal lineages found in many regions) would commonly have some members among the "haves" and others among the "have-nots". The class struggle advocated by the Maoists would necessitate kinsmen attacking each other.
* [[Ma Yinchu]] 马寅初 - a prominent population economist,whose New Population Theory was criticized by Mao since 1957 for two decades. Having examined trends of the early 1950s, Ma argued that further population growth at such high rates would be detrimental to China's development. Therefore, he advocated government control of fertility.In 1979, the communist party formally apologies to Ma,stating that "erroneously criticized one person, population mistakenly increased 300,000,000".
* [[Jiang Menglin]] 蒋梦麟 <ref> [http://baike.baidu.com/view/131087.htm] </ref>- a prominent education reformer in China and former President of Peking University and Zhejiang University
* [[Xu Beihong]] 徐悲鴻 - the most famous Chinese artist, dean of Beida School of Arts
[[Ta-You Wu]] 吴大猷: the "Father of Chinese Physics". His many illustrious students include Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, co-winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957, [[Yuan Tseh Lee]], the co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986.
[[Yu Dafu]] 郁達夫 - modern Chinese short story writer and poet, author of Ch'en-lun "Sinking" (1921)
* [[Wang Xiaobo]] - writer
* He Weifang - judicial reformist
* Wang Tieya - jurist, Judge of International Criminal Court
* Li Haopei - jurist, Judge of International Criminal Court
* Jian Bozan - historian

===Administrators===

[[Image:Cai Yuanpei 2.jpg|thumb|任北大校长时的蔡元培<br>[[Cai Yuanpei]], early University Chancellor]]
* [[Cai Yuanpei]] 蔡元培 - early University Chancellor
* [[Yan Fu]] 严复 - early University Chancellor
* [[Li Dazhao]] - head librarian, later co-founder of Communist Party of China

===Alumni===

===Writers===
* Fan Changjiang - journalist and writer
* [[Feng Youlan]] 冯友兰 - philosopher<ref>[http://www.guoxue.com/master/fengyoulan/fengyoulan.htm ]</ref>
* Han Suyin - writer
* [[Mao Dun]] 茅盾- writer and journalist<ref>[http://www.pku.edu.cn/about/about/beida/mingren.htm]</ref>
* [[Xu Zhimo]] 徐志摩 - poet
* Zhang Chengzhi - writer
* [[Zhu Ziqing]] 朱自清- poet<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/1222.htm]</ref>
* Dolma Kyab - writer (currently political prisoner)
* Jan Wong - writer (one of the first western students permitted to study aboard.)
* Qian Xuantong and Liu Bannong 钱玄同与刘半农 - writers and promotioners of the New Culture Movement<ref>[http://www.pku.edu.cn/about/about/beida/mingren.htm]</ref>

===Academics===
* Michael Halliday - developed systemic functional grammar
* [[Gang Tian]] - Mathematician
* Li Yining - economist
* [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] ([[Li Zhengdao]]) - physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (physics, 1957)
* [[Yang Zhenning]] - physicist, Nobel Prize laureate, 1957
* [[Justin Yifu Lin]] - economist (now the chief economist of World Bank)
* Yu Jie - First house church leader to meet an American president (May 2006, meeting George W Bush in the White House)
* Yu Min - physicist, Father of Chinese H-bombs
* [[Luo Jialun]] 罗家伦 - leader of the [[May Fourth Movement]], president of [[Tsinghua University]]
* [[Fu Sinian]] 傅斯年 - educator and linguist; leader of the [[May Fourth Movement]], creators of the [[Academia Sinica]], former president of [[National Taiwan University]]
* [[Gu Jiegang]] 顾颉刚 - a Chinese historian; the founder of the Skeptical school of early Chinese history, known as [[yigupai]]; best known for the seven volume work Gushi Bian (古史辨 "Debates on Ancient History").
* Ren Jiyu 任继愈 - Chinese historian and philosopher, former director of the National Library.
* [[Deng Jiaxian]] 邓稼先 - a nuclear physics expert; a leading organizer and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs.
* [[Qian Sanqiang]] 钱三强) - a nuclear physicist and education administrator; a leading organizer and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs; former president of [[Zhejiang University]]
* [[Zhu Guangya]] 朱光亚 - a renowned nuclear physicist of China, key contributor to China's "Two Bombs, One Satellite" projects.
* [[Zhou Guangzhao]] 周光召) - expert on particle physics, discoverer of PCAC (partial conservation of axial current), an important step toward the understanding of symmetry breaking; former director of the Chinese Nuclear Weapons Research Institute and president of the Academica Sinica.

===In politics===
[[Image:PekingUniversityPic7.jpg|thumb|The weiming lake]]
* [[Bo Xilai]] - Mayor of Chongqing, Former Minister of Commerce
* [[Cai Wu]] - Minister of Culture
* [[Deng Nan]] - Former Vice minister of the State Science and Technology Commission
* [[Deng Pufang]] - founder and Chairman of China Disabled Persons' Federation
* [[Guo Gengmao]] - Governor of Henan Province
* [[Hu Chunhua]] - Youngerst governor in China, former First Secretary of the Communist Youth League
* Hu Deping - vice chairman of All-China General Chamber of Industry & Commerce Party, Secretary of National Association of Industry and Commerce, and vice minister of the Propaganda Department
* [[Li Keqiang]] - Politburo Standing Committee member, First Deputy Prime Minister
* [[Li Yuanchao]] - Politburo member and Minister for the Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party
* Li Zhaoxing - minister of foreign affairs
* [[Lu Hao]] - First Secretary of Communist Youth League of China
* [[Yuan Chunqing]] - Governor of Shaanxi Province, Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
* K. Natwar Singh - India politician

* [[Wang Dan (dissident)|Wang Dan]] - Leader of the Tiananmen protests in 1989
* [[Fang Lizhi]] - Spiritual leader of the Tiananmen Protests in 1989
* [[Shen Tong]] - Author, Pro-democracy activist

* [[Chen Duxiu]] - founding member and leader in the Communist Party of China
* [[Zhang Guotao]] - founding member and leader in the Communist Party of China
* [[Li Dazhao]] - founding member and leader in the Communist Party of China
* [[Mao Zedong]] - founding member and leader in the Communist Party of China
* Deng Zhongxia 邓中夏, founding member and leader in the Communist Party of China

===In commerce and media===

Among the "top 300 richest in China"<ref>[http://cuaa.net/cur/2008/xiaoyou1.shtml]</ref> 27 graduated from Beida, much higher than any other Chinese university. The second ranking school is Zhejiang University, with 17 alumni on the list .
* Li Yanhong - founder of [[Baidu]].com

* Wang Xuan - founder of Founder Co.

* Wang Zhidong - founder of [[Sina.com]]

* Yu Minhong - founder of [[New Oriental]] Group

* [[Peggy Yu]] - founder of dangdang.com, the largest online retailor in Chinese language.

* Yan Yan -- Founding Partner of SoftBank China

* [[Li Ning]] - founder of Li Ning Group<ref>[http://www.pku.edu.cn/web/xq110/xqjz/jzdt/141.htm]</ref>

* Huang Nubo - founder of Zhongkun Real Estate Group

* James Jian Ding - founder of Asiainfo, founding partner of Golden Sand River Venture Capital

* Yu Liang - CEO of [[China Vanke]] Group

===Former employees===

* [[Mao Zedong]] - staff librarian, leader of Communist Party of China
* [[Bertrand Russell]] - Lecturer in Philosophy (1920-21)

== See also ==
* [[7072 Beijingdaxue]] - asteroid named after Peking University
* [[List of universities in Mainland China]]
* [[Beijing Medical University]]
* [[High School of Peking University]]
* [[Chinese Family Panel Studies]] Program


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
<references/>


==References==
== External links ==
* [[Maurice Powicke|Powicke, F. Maurice]] and E. B. Fryde ''Handbook of British Chronology'' 2nd ed. London: Royal Historical Society 1961
{{commonscat}}
* [http://en.pku.edu.cn/ English Homepage]
* [http://www.pku.edu.cn/ Chinese Homepage]
* [http://www.pku.org.cn/ Peking University Alumni Association]
* [http://bbs.pku.edu.cn/ Peking University BBS]
* [http://acm.pku.edu.cn/JudgeOnline/ Peking University Judge Online]
* [http://www.szpku.edu.cn/ Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Chinese Homepage]
* [http://pku.6dxy.com Campus real three-dimensional map]
{{Template:Universities and colleges in Beijing}}
{{AEARU}}
{{BESETOHA}}
{{APRU}}
{{International Alliance of Research Universities}}
{{Project 985}}


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{{Persondata
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Beijing]]
|NAME=Beaufort, Henry
[[Category:Peking University| ]]
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
[[Category:Project 211]]
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Lord Chancellor of England; Bishop of Lincoln; Bishop of Winchester
[[Category:Project 985]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=circa 1375
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=April 11, 1447
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{BD|1375|1447|Beaufort, Henry}}
[[Category:Lord Chancellors of England]]
[[Category:Bishops of Lincoln]]
[[Category:Bishops of Winchester]]
[[Category:15th century Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:English cardinals]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:House of Beaufort|Henry Beaufort]]
[[Category:Burials at Winchester Cathedral]]


[[de:Peking-Universität]]
[[de:Henry Beaufort]]
[[el:Ερρίκος Μποφώρ]]
[[es:Universidad de Pekín]]
[[fr:Université de Pékin]]
[[fr:Henri Beaufort (1375-1447)]]
[[gan:北京大學]]
[[no:Henry Beaufort]]
[[sv:Henrik Beaufort]]
[[zh-classical:北京大學]]
[[ko:베이징 대학]]
[[ka:პეკინის უნივერსიტეტი]]
[[cdo:Báe̤k-gĭng Dâi-hŏk]]
[[ja:北京大学]]
[[no:Pekinguniversitetet]]
[[pl:Uniwersytet Pekiński]]
[[pt:Universidade de Pequim]]
[[ru:Пекинский университет]]
[[simple:Peking University]]
[[fi:Pekingin yliopisto]]
[[sv:Pekinguniversitetet]]
[[vi:Đại học Bắc Kinh]]
[[wuu:北京大学]]
[[zh-yue:北京大學]]
[[zh:北京大学]]

Revision as of 09:02, 11 October 2008

For other people named Henry Beaufort, see Henry Beaufort (disambiguation).
Henry Beaufort
Bishop of Winchester
SeeDiocese of Winchester
Installed1404
Term ended1447
PredecessorWilliam of Wykeham
SuccessorWilliam Waynflete
Other post(s)Bishop of Lincoln
Personal details
Bornabout 1375
Died11 April 1447
DenominationCatholic

Henry Beaufort (c. 1375 – 11 April 1447), was a medieval English clergyman and Bishop of Winchester,[1] an anomaly in being both a bishop and a member of the royal house of Plantagenet.[2]

Life

The second son of John of Gaunt and his mistress Katherine Swynford, Beaufort was born in Anjou, an English domain in France, in about 1374 and educated for a career in the Church. Subsequently their cousin Richard II of England declared he and his two brothers and one sister legitimate about 1390.[3] On 27 February 1398 he was nominated Bishop of Lincoln and on 14 July 1398 he was consecrated.[4] When his half-brother deposed Richard and took the throne as Henry IV of England, he made Bishop Beaufort Lord Chancellor of England in 1403.[5] Beaufort resigned that position in 1404 when he was appointed Bishop of Winchester on 19 November.[6]

Between 1411 and 1413 Bishop Beaufort was in political disgrace for siding with his nephew, the Prince of Wales, against the King, but when King Henry IV died and the Prince became Henry V of England, he made his uncle Chancellor again in 1413; however, Beaufort resigned the position in 1417.[5] Pope Martin V offered the Bishop a cardinal's hat, but King Henry V would not let him accept it. Henry V died in 1422, shortly after making himself heir to France by marrying Charles VI's daughter, and their infant son Henry VI of England. Bishop Beaufort and the child king's other uncles formed the Regency Government of England 1422-1437, and in 1424 Beaufort became Chancellor once more, but was forced to resign again in 1426[5] because of disputes with the King's other uncles.

The Pope finally made him a Cardinal in 1426,[5] and in 1427 made him Papal Legate for Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia. Beaufort continued to be active in English politics for years, fighting with the other powerful advisors to the King and always managing to extricate himself from the snares they set for him. He died on 11 April 1447[6] and was laid to rest in a tomb in Winchester Cathedral. He suffered from delirium on his deathbed and, as he hallucinated, according to legend he offered Death the whole treasury of England in return for living a while longer.

Affair and daughter

During his youth, most likely while studying at Cambridge University, Henry had an affair with, some believe, Alice Fitzalan (1378–1415), the daughter of Richard Fitzalan and Elizabeth de Bohun, though there is no real evidence to support this. He fathered an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort, in 1402. Both Jane and her husband Sir Edward Stradling, were named in Cardinal Beaufort's will. Their marriage about 1423 brought Sir Edward into the political orbit of his shrewd and assertive father-in-law, to whom he may have owed his appointment as chamberlain of South Wales in December of 1423, a position he held until March of 1437.[7] The idea of Jane's mother being Alice Fitzalan is possibly a legend of Tudor-era descendants of Sir Edward and Jane Stradling. There is no late-14th/early-15th century documentation to support this affair at all, and the surviving documentation entirely discounts it. However, a blood connection to Cardinal Beaufort would itself be prestigious, regardless of the mother or her marital status. Illegitimacy has never been viewed as detrimental in Wales.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Henry Beaufort Plantagenet" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^ Joel Thomas Rosenthal, "The Training of an Elite Group: English Bishops in the Fifteenth Century" Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 60.5 (1970:1-54) p. 7.
  3. ^ There is some confusion on this point; there seems to have been another such procedure in 1397, involving Parliament.
  4. ^ Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 236
  5. ^ a b c d Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 85
  6. ^ a b Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 258
  7. ^ R. A. Griffiths, Conquerors and Conquered in Medieval Wales, 1994

References

  • Powicke, F. Maurice and E. B. Fryde Handbook of British Chronology 2nd ed. London: Royal Historical Society 1961
Political offices
Preceded by Lord Chancellor
1403–1405 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Chancellor
1413–1417 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Chancellor
1424–1426 		Succeeded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Lincoln
1398–1405 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Bishop of Winchester
1404–1447 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of Oxford
1397–1399 		Succeeded by

Template:Persondata Template:BD

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