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{{Short description|South African politician}}
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{{Infobox Minister
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-prefix =
| name=Nicolaas Havenga
| name=Nicolaas Havenga
| honorific-suffix =
| honorific-suffix =
| image=Havenga.jpg
| image=Havenga.jpg
| Deputy Prime Minister of South Africa
| office1 = [[Minister of Finance (South Africa)|Minister of Finance]]
| term_start =1948
| order1 =
| term_start1 = 1948
| term_end =1954
| term_end1 = 1954
primeminister =[[Daniel François Malan]]
| primeminister1 =[[Daniel François Malan]]
| office = [[South African Department of Finance|Finance minister of South Africa]]
⚫
| predecessor1 = [[Claud Sturrock]]
| term_start =1929
| successor1 = [[Eric Louw]]
⚫
| term_end = 1934
| office2 =
⚫
| primeminister =[[J. B. M. Hertzog]]
| order2 =
⚫
| predecessor = [[Henry Burton (South African politician)|Henry Burton]]
⚫
| term_start2 = 1929
⚫
| successor = [[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894-1948)|Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr]]
⚫
| term_end2 = 1934
| office2 = [[South African Department of Finance|Finance minister of South Africa]]
⚫
| primeminister2 = [[J. B. M. Hertzog]]
⚫
| term_start2 =1948
⚫
| predecessor2 = [[Henry Burton (South African politician)|Henry Burton]]
| term_end2 = 1954
⚫
| successor2 = [[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894-1948)|Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr]]
| primeminister2 =[[Daniel François Malan]]
| parliament3 = South African
⚫
| predecessor2 = [[Claud Sturrock]]
| successor2 = [[Eric Louw]]
| constituency_MP3 = [[Ladybrand]]
| term_start3 = 1948
⚫
| birth_date = 1882
| term_end3 = 1954
| birth_place =
| predecessor3 = J.J. Fourie
| death_date = 1957
| successor3 =
| death_place =
| majority3 =
⚫
| nationality = [[South Africa]]n
| constituency_MP4 = [[Fauresmith]]
| term_start4 = 1915
| term_end4 = 1940
| predecessor4 = S.J. van der Merwe
| successor4 = F.W. Beyers
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth date|1882|5|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Fauresmith]], [[Orange Free State]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|3|14|1882|5|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Cape Town]], [[Union of South Africa]]
⚫
| nationality = South African
| spouse =
| spouse =
| party = [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (until 1934, 1951-)<br>[[United Party (South Africa)|United Party]] (1934-1941)<br>[[Afrikaner Party]] (1941-1951)
| party = [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] (until 1934, 1951–)<br/>[[United Party (South Africa)|United Party]] (1934–1941)<br/>[[Afrikaner Party]] (1941–1951)
| relations =
| relations =
| children =
| children =
| residence =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| occupation =
| profession =
| profession =
Line 37: Line 50:
| website =
| website =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}'''Nicolaas Christiaan Havenga''' (born 1882 in [[Fauresmith]], [[Oranje Free State]], died 1957 in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]) was a [[South Africa|South African]] politician who served as [[Finance Minister]] in the governments of [[J. B. M. Hertzog]] and [[Daniel François Malan]].
}}'''Nicolaas Christiaan Havenga''' (1 May 1882 &ndash; 14 March 1957) was a South African politician who served as [[Finance Minister]] in the governments of [[J. B. M. Hertzog]] and [[Daniel François Malan]].


==Relationship with Hertzog==
==Relationship with Hertzog==
Havenga's family suffered financial hardship in his youth and as a result he was unable to attend university despite strong performances at school.<ref name="due"/> His relationship with Hertzog began during the [[Second Boer War]], when Havenga served as his private secretary and in this role was wounded several times.<ref name="due"/> Following his war service he returned to study and qualified as a lawyer, whilst also joining the [[South African Party]] and representing the group in the Orange Free State provincial council from 1910.<ref name="due"/> He was elected to the national parliament in the [[South African general election, 1915|1915 election]] and, after a period as a defence spokesman, soon became recognised for his financial expertise.<ref name="due">Ian Loveland, ''By Due Process of Law?: Racial Discrimination and the Right to Vote in South Africa, 1855-1960'', Hart Publishing, 1999, p. 158</ref>
Havenga's family suffered financial hardship in his youth and as a result he was unable to attend university despite strong performances at school.<ref name="due"/> His relationship with Hertzog began during the [[Second Boer War]], when Havenga served as his private secretary and in this role was wounded several times.<ref name="due"/> Following his war service he returned to study and qualified as a lawyer, whilst also joining the [[South African Party]] and representing the group in the Orange Free State provincial council from 1910.<ref name="due"/> He was elected to the national parliament in the [[1915 South African general election|1915 election]] and, after a period as a defence spokesman, soon became recognised for his financial expertise.<ref name="due">Ian Loveland, ''By Due Process of Law?: Racial Discrimination and the Right to Vote in South Africa, 1855–1960'', Hart Publishing, 1999, p. 158</ref>


Havenga was a leading member of Hertzog's government and indeed with [[Oswald Pirow]] he formed the basis of Hertzog's 'inner cabinet' which controlled decision making.<ref>N.G. Garson, 'Oswald Pirow' entry in [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]</ref> As Finance Minister he was responsible for the decision to take South Africa off the [[gold standard]], one that led to a significant economic upturn.<ref>[http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/armstrng/chap60.htm Grey Steel; Part 7, 60: The Tour Of England And North America]</ref> Havenga had formerly been a harsh critic of this move, reflecting populist opinions that gold-producing South Africa should refuse to follow the [[United Kingdom]] off the gold standard as a piece of nationalist posturing against the British.<ref>Ronald Hyam & Peter Henshaw, ''The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa since the Boer War'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 126</ref> In 1932 however rumours had been circulating that [[Tielman Roos]] was intending to split from the government over the issue and form a new party that would go into coalition with [[Jan Smuts]], forcing Havenga to abandon his earlier stance in order to save the government.<ref>Neil Roos, ''Ordinary Springboks: White Servicemen And Social Justice In South Africa, 1939-1961'', Ashgate Publishing, 2005, p. 21</ref>
Havenga was a leading member of Hertzog's government and indeed with [[Oswald Pirow]] he formed the basis of Hertzog's 'inner cabinet' which controlled decision making.<ref>N.G. Garson, 'Oswald Pirow' entry in [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]</ref> As Finance Minister he was responsible for the decision to take South Africa off the [[gold standard]], one that led to a significant economic upturn.<ref>[http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/armstrng/chap60.htm Grey Steel; Part 7, 60: The Tour Of England And North America]</ref> Havenga had formerly been a harsh critic of this move, reflecting populist opinions that gold-producing South Africa should refuse to follow the United Kingdom off the gold standard, supposedly as a piece of nationalist posturing against the British.<ref>Ronald Hyam & Peter Henshaw, ''The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa since the Boer War'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 126</ref> In 1932 however rumours had been circulating that [[Tielman Roos]] was intending to split from the government over the issue and form a new party that would go into coalition with [[Jan Smuts]], forcing Havenga to abandon his earlier stance to save the government.<ref>Neil Roos, ''Ordinary Springboks: White Servicemen And Social Justice In South Africa, 1939–1961'', Ashgate Publishing, 2005, p. 21</ref>


==Afrikaner Party leader==
==Afrikaner Party leader==
A loyal supporter of Hertzog, he defected from the [[United Party (South Africa)|United Party]] government following its formation and later led the pro-Hertzog [[Afrikaner Party]].<ref>[http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-dfmalan.htm Daniel Francois Malan]</ref> Havenga led the party in the [[South African general election, 1943|1943 election]] but all of its candidates, including Havenga himself, were defeated.<ref>Howard Brotz, ''The Politics of South Africa: Democracy and Racial Diversity'', Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 14</ref> He had initially suggested an alliance with Malan but his opponent reasoned, correctly as it proved, that he did not need Afrikaner Party support to win the election and so rejected the offer.<ref>Newell Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, 1934-1948'', University of California Press, 1974, p. 84</ref> Havenga was not a member of the [[House of Assembly of South Africa|House of Assembly]] at the time of the election as, like Hertzog, he had resigned his seat in the body when Hertzog was rejected as leader.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 75</ref> Havenga's 1487 votes in the Frankfurt constituency was the party's best result but it was not enough to see him elected.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 90</ref>
A loyal supporter of Hertzog, he defected from the [[United Party (South Africa)|United Party]] government following its formation and later led the pro-Hertzog [[Afrikaner Party]].<ref>[http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-dfmalan.htm Daniel Francois Malan]</ref> Havenga led the party in the [[1943 South African general election|1943 election]] but all of its candidates, including Havenga himself, were defeated.<ref>Howard Brotz, ''The Politics of South Africa: Democracy and Racial Diversity'', Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 14</ref> He had initially suggested an alliance with Malan but his opponent reasoned, correctly as it proved, that he did not need Afrikaner Party support to win the election and so rejected the offer.<ref>Newell Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, 1934–1948'', University of California Press, 1974, p. 84</ref> Havenga was not a member of the [[House of Assembly of South Africa|House of Assembly]] at the time of the election as, like Hertzog, he had resigned his seat in the body when Hertzog was rejected as leader.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 75</ref> Havenga's 1487 votes in the Frankfort constituency was the party's best result but it was not enough to see him elected.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 90</ref>


Before long however he was back working with Malan in an Afrikaner Party-[[Herenigde Nasionale Party]] (HNP) coalition, which succeeded in ousting Smuts in [[South African general election, 1948|1948]], the two having formally agreed an electoral pact for their respective parties in March 1947.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 102</ref> Malan had feared the possibility of the Afrikaner Party picking up disaffected Afrikaans voters and as such had been making overtures to Havenga since 1946.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', pp. 103-105</ref> Havenga's party gained nine seats after the HNP gave them a free run in a handful of constituencies.<ref>Brotz, ''The Politics of South Africa'', p. 17</ref> He was elected as member for [[Ladybrand]] with a comfortable majority.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 144</ref>
Before long however he was back working with Malan in an Afrikaner Party-[[Herenigde Nasionale Party]] (HNP) coalition, which succeeded in ousting Smuts in [[1948 South African general election|1948]], the two having formally agreed an electoral pact for their respective parties in March 1947.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 102</ref> Malan had feared the possibility of the Afrikaner Party picking up disaffected Afrikaans voters and as such had been making overtures to Havenga since 1946.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', pp. 103–105</ref> Havenga's party gained nine seats after the HNP gave them a free run in a handful of constituencies.<ref>Brotz, ''The Politics of South Africa'', p. 17</ref> He was elected as member for [[Ladybrand]] with a comfortable majority.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 144</ref>


==Back in government==
==Back in government==
Havenga was appointed Minister of Finance yet again, serving under Malan as [[Prime Minister of South Africa|Prime Minister]]. Havenga was however not comfortable working with the HNP, especially after Malan began to suggest changing elements of the non-whitefranchise.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 162</ref> As a result Havenga, through their mutual friend Dr. E.G. Malherbe, made contact with [[Jan Smuts]], suggesting that he might be prepared to form a government with him instead. Smuts was reluctant to work with Havenga, accusing him of [[fascism]] (particularly as the Afrikaner Party had absorbed a number of former members of the pro-[[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Ossewabrandwag]]) and the notion finally broke down when Malherbe suggested that the arrangement might involve Havenga as Prime Minister with Smuts playing more of a background role.<ref>Brotz, ''The Politics of South Africa'', pp. 17-20</ref> After this scheme fell apart Havenga continued as Finance Minister and in this role garnered a reputation for fostering close economic co-operation with the United Kingdom, despite his earlier associations with anti-British sentiments.<ref name="lion137">Hyam & Henshaw, ''The Lion and the Springbok'', p. 137</ref>
Havenga was appointed Minister of Finance yet again, serving under Malan as [[Prime Minister of South Africa|Prime Minister]]. Havenga was however not comfortable working with the HNP, especially after Malan began to suggest changing elements of the non-white franchise.<ref>Maynard Stultz, ''Afrikaner Politics in South Africa'', p. 162</ref> As a result Havenga, through their mutual friend Dr. E.G. Malherbe, made contact with [[Jan Smuts]], suggesting that he might be prepared to form a government with him instead. Smuts was reluctant to work with Havenga, accusing him of fascism (particularly as the Afrikaner Party had absorbed a number of former members of the pro-[[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Ossewabrandwag]]) and the notion finally broke down when Malherbe suggested that the arrangement might involve Havenga as Prime Minister with Smuts playing more of a background role.<ref>Brotz, ''The Politics of South Africa'', pp. 17–20</ref> After this scheme fell apart Havenga continued as Finance Minister and in this role garnered a reputation for fostering close economic co-operation with the United Kingdom, despite his earlier associations with anti-British sentiments.<ref name="lion137">Hyam & Henshaw, ''The Lion and the Springbok'', p. 137</ref>


Despite his earlier attempts to break the coalition, following Malan's retirement in 1954 he indicated that Havenga, whose Afrikaner Party had by then merged with the HNP, was his preferred choice of successor.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823581,00.html?iid=chix-sphere Exit the Boer Moses] from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> However in spite of this endorsement, the extremists in the party indicated that they intended to challenge the succession, feeling that Havenga had become too moderate.<ref name="lion137"/> Havenga lost out to [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom]] and spent his final years in retirement, although he did emerge to criticize Strijdom's reforms in 1955.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866417,00.html The Union in Danger] from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref>
Despite his earlier attempts to break the coalition, following Malan's retirement in 1954 he indicated that Havenga, whose Afrikaner Party had by then merged with the HNP, was his preferred choice of successor.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024114020/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823581,00.html?iid=chix-sphere Exit the Boer Moses] from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> However in spite of this endorsement, the extremists in the party indicated that they intended to challenge the succession, feeling that Havenga had become too moderate.<ref name="lion137"/> Havenga lost out to [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom]] and spent his final years in retirement, although he did emerge to criticise Strijdom's reforms in 1955.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081215055347/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866417,00.html The Union in Danger] from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Havenga prize]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
{{start box}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/007316}}
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{{succession box|title=[[South African Department of Finance|Finance ministers of South Africa]]|before=[[Henry Burton (South African politician)|Henry Burton]]|after=[[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894-1948)|Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr]]|years=1924&ndash;1939}}

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{{succession box|title=[[South African Department of Finance|Finance ministers of South Africa]]|before=[[Claud Sturrock]]|after=[[Eric Louw]]|years=1948&ndash;1954}}
{{end box}}
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{{succession box|title=[[South African Department of Finance|Finance ministers of South Africa]]|before=[[Henry Burton (South African politician)|Henry Burton]]|after=[[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894-1948)|Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr]]|years=1924–1939}}
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{{succession box|title=[[South African Department of Finance|Finance ministers of South Africa]]|before=[[Claud Sturrock]]|after=[[Eric Louw]]|years=1948–1954}}
{{s-end}}


{{SouthAfricaFinanceMinisters}}
{{SouthAfricaFinanceMinisters}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME =Havenga, Nicolaas
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1882
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1957
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Havenga, Nicolaas}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Havenga, Nicolaas}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Xhariep District Municipality]]
[[Category:People from Kopanong Local Municipality]]
[[Category:Afrikaner people]]
[[Category:South African people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:South African people of Dutch descent]]
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[[Category:South African lawyers]]
[[Category:National Party (South Africa) politicians]]
[[Category:National Party (South Africa) politicians]]
[[Category:United Party (South Africa) politicians]]
[[Category:United Party (South Africa) politicians]]
[[Category:Afrikaner Party politicians]]
[[Category:Afrikaner Party politicians]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of South Africa]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of South Africa]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Assembly of South Africa]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa)]]
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[[Category:20th-century South African lawyers]]
[[Category:Orange Free State military personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:Orange Free State military personnel of the Second Boer War]]

Latest revision as of 19:19, 2 March 2023

Nicolaas Havenga
Minister of Finance
In office
1948–1954
Prime MinisterDaniel François Malan
Preceded byClaud Sturrock
Succeeded byEric Louw
In office
1929–1934
Prime MinisterJ. B. M. Hertzog
Preceded byHenry Burton
Succeeded byJan Hendrik Hofmeyr
Member of the South African Parliament
for Ladybrand
In office
1948–1954
Preceded byJ.J. Fourie
Member of Parliament
for Fauresmith
In office
1915–1940
Preceded byS.J. van der Merwe
Succeeded byF.W. Beyers
Personal details
Born(1882-05-01)1 May 1882
Fauresmith, Orange Free State
Died14 March 1957(1957-03-14) (aged 74)
Cape Town, Union of South Africa
NationalitySouth African
Political partyNational Party (until 1934, 1951–)
United Party (1934–1941)
Afrikaner Party (1941–1951)

Nicolaas Christiaan Havenga (1 May 1882 – 14 March 1957) was a South African politician who served as Finance Minister in the governments of J. B. M. Hertzog and Daniel François Malan.

Relationship with Hertzog[edit]

Havenga's family suffered financial hardship in his youth and as a result he was unable to attend university despite strong performances at school.[1] His relationship with Hertzog began during the Second Boer War, when Havenga served as his private secretary and in this role was wounded several times.[1] Following his war service he returned to study and qualified as a lawyer, whilst also joining the South African Party and representing the group in the Orange Free State provincial council from 1910.[1] He was elected to the national parliament in the 1915 election and, after a period as a defence spokesman, soon became recognised for his financial expertise.[1]

Havenga was a leading member of Hertzog's government and indeed with Oswald Pirow he formed the basis of Hertzog's 'inner cabinet' which controlled decision making.[2] As Finance Minister he was responsible for the decision to take South Africa off the gold standard, one that led to a significant economic upturn.[3] Havenga had formerly been a harsh critic of this move, reflecting populist opinions that gold-producing South Africa should refuse to follow the United Kingdom off the gold standard, supposedly as a piece of nationalist posturing against the British.[4] In 1932 however rumours had been circulating that Tielman Roos was intending to split from the government over the issue and form a new party that would go into coalition with Jan Smuts, forcing Havenga to abandon his earlier stance to save the government.[5]

Afrikaner Party leader[edit]

A loyal supporter of Hertzog, he defected from the United Party government following its formation and later led the pro-Hertzog Afrikaner Party.[6] Havenga led the party in the 1943 election but all of its candidates, including Havenga himself, were defeated.[7] He had initially suggested an alliance with Malan but his opponent reasoned, correctly as it proved, that he did not need Afrikaner Party support to win the election and so rejected the offer.[8] Havenga was not a member of the House of Assembly at the time of the election as, like Hertzog, he had resigned his seat in the body when Hertzog was rejected as leader.[9] Havenga's 1487 votes in the Frankfort constituency was the party's best result but it was not enough to see him elected.[10]

Before long however he was back working with Malan in an Afrikaner Party-Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) coalition, which succeeded in ousting Smuts in 1948, the two having formally agreed an electoral pact for their respective parties in March 1947.[11] Malan had feared the possibility of the Afrikaner Party picking up disaffected Afrikaans voters and as such had been making overtures to Havenga since 1946.[12] Havenga's party gained nine seats after the HNP gave them a free run in a handful of constituencies.[13] He was elected as member for Ladybrand with a comfortable majority.[14]

Back in government[edit]

Havenga was appointed Minister of Finance yet again, serving under Malan as Prime Minister. Havenga was however not comfortable working with the HNP, especially after Malan began to suggest changing elements of the non-white franchise.[15] As a result Havenga, through their mutual friend Dr. E.G. Malherbe, made contact with Jan Smuts, suggesting that he might be prepared to form a government with him instead. Smuts was reluctant to work with Havenga, accusing him of fascism (particularly as the Afrikaner Party had absorbed a number of former members of the pro-Nazi Ossewabrandwag) and the notion finally broke down when Malherbe suggested that the arrangement might involve Havenga as Prime Minister with Smuts playing more of a background role.[16] After this scheme fell apart Havenga continued as Finance Minister and in this role garnered a reputation for fostering close economic co-operation with the United Kingdom, despite his earlier associations with anti-British sentiments.[17]

Despite his earlier attempts to break the coalition, following Malan's retirement in 1954 he indicated that Havenga, whose Afrikaner Party had by then merged with the HNP, was his preferred choice of successor.[18] However in spite of this endorsement, the extremists in the party indicated that they intended to challenge the succession, feeling that Havenga had become too moderate.[17] Havenga lost out to Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom and spent his final years in retirement, although he did emerge to criticise Strijdom's reforms in 1955.[19]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Ian Loveland, By Due Process of Law?: Racial Discrimination and the Right to Vote in South Africa, 1855–1960, Hart Publishing, 1999, p. 158
  2. ^ N.G. Garson, 'Oswald Pirow' entry in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  3. ^ Grey Steel; Part 7, 60: The Tour Of England And North America
  4. ^ Ronald Hyam & Peter Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa since the Boer War, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 126
  5. ^ Neil Roos, Ordinary Springboks: White Servicemen And Social Justice In South Africa, 1939–1961, Ashgate Publishing, 2005, p. 21
  6. ^ Daniel Francois Malan
  7. ^ Howard Brotz, The Politics of South Africa: Democracy and Racial Diversity, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 14
  8. ^ Newell Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, 1934–1948, University of California Press, 1974, p. 84
  9. ^ Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, p. 75
  10. ^ Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, p. 90
  11. ^ Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, p. 102
  12. ^ Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, pp. 103–105
  13. ^ Brotz, The Politics of South Africa, p. 17
  14. ^ Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, p. 144
  15. ^ Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner Politics in South Africa, p. 162
  16. ^ Brotz, The Politics of South Africa, pp. 17–20
  17. ^ a b Hyam & Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok, p. 137
  18. ^ Exit the Boer Moses from Time
  19. ^ The Union in Danger from Time

External links[edit]

Political offices
Preceded by Finance ministers of South Africa
1924–1939 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Finance ministers of South Africa
1948–1954 		Succeeded by
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