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{{Short description|Late 3rd-century BC Ptolemaic chief minister}} |
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'''Sosibius''' (in [[Greek language|Greek]] '''Σωσιβιoς'''; lived [[3rd century BC]]) was the chief minister of [[Ptolemy IV of Egypt|Ptolemy Philopator]], king of [[History_of_Greek_and_Roman_Egypt|Egypt]]. Nothing is known of his origin or parentage, though he may have been a son of [[Sosibius of Tarentum]]; nor have we any account of the means by which he rose to power; but we find him immediately after the accession of Ptolemy ([[222 BC]]), exercising the greatest influence over the young king, and virtually holding the chief direction of affairs. He soon proved himself, as he is termed by [[Polybius]], a ready and dexterous instrument of autocracy: it was by his ministration, if not at his instigation, that Ptolemy put to death in succession his uncle [[Lysimachus (prince)|Lysimachus]], his brother [[Magas (prince)|Magas]], and his mother [[Berenice II of Egypt|Berenice]]. Not long after, [[Cleomenes III|Cleomenes]], of whose influence with the mercenary troops Sosibius had at this time dexterously availed himself, shared the same fate.{{rf|1|poly_5.34-39_15.25_plut_33-35}} While the young king gave himself up to luxury and debauchery, the whole administration of the kingdom appears to have been left to Sosibius, who allowed both the finances and military defences to fall into a state of the greatest decay, so that when [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus the Great]] declared war against Ptolemy, and invaded [[Coele-Syria]], it was some time before the Egyptian monarch or his ministers could muster an army to oppose him. Sosibius, however, displayed some dexterity in delaying the progress of Antiochus by negotiation until he had time to organise a mercenary force: and when, in [[218 BC]], Ptolemy at length took the field in person, Sosibius acccompanied him, and was present at the decisive [[battle of Raphia]]. After the close of the campaign he found a more congenial occupation in negotiating the terms of the treaty of peace, which Ptolemy commissioned him to arrange with Antiochus.{{rf|2|poly_5.63_65_66_83_87}} |
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{{other uses}} |
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[[File:Octadrachm Ptolemy IV BM CMBMC33.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Ancient drachma|octadrachm]] of [[Ptolemy IV Philopator]] ([[British Museum]]).]] |
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'''Sosibius''' ({{lang-grc|Σωσίβιoς}}; [[floruit]] 221-204) was the chief minister of [[Ptolemy IV of Egypt|Ptolemy IV Philopator]] (221–204 BC), king of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]]. Nothing is known of his origin or parentage, though he may have been a son of [[Sosibius of Tarentum]]; nor is there any account of how he rose to power. He is first attested immediately after the accession of Ptolemy IV in 221 BC, exercising great influence over the 22-year old king alongside [[Agathocles of Egypt|Agathocles]], the brother of Ptolemy IV's mistress [[Agathoclea (mistress of Ptolemy IV)|Agathoclea]]. He remained a major force throughout the reign and helped ensure the smooth succession of [[Ptolemy V Epiphanes]] in 204 BC. After that he disappears from the record. |
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==Life== |
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===Accession of Ptolemy IV=== |
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The historian [[Polybius]] characterises him as "the pseudo-guardian of Ptolemy [who] seemed to be a shrewd and long-lasting tool, but was ever doing evil in the kingdom."<ref>Polybius, ''Histories'' 15.25: Σωσίβιος ὁ ψευδεπίτροπος Πτολεμαίου ἐδόκει γεγονέναι σκεῦος ἀγχίνουν καὶ πολυχρόνιον, ἔτι δὲ κακοποιὸν ἐν βασιλείᾳ</ref> and says he was responsible for a purge of the royal family which took place shortly after Ptolemy's accession. Ptolemy IV's uncle [[Lysimachus of Egypt|Lysimachus]] was probably murdered at this time.<ref>[[Polybius]] 15.25.2</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Lysimachus|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/lysimachus_i_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> His mother Berenice II was believed to support his younger brother Magas, who had held substantial military commands and was popular with the army, so Magas was scalded to death in his bath.<ref>[[Polybius]] 15.25.2; [[Plutarch]], ''Life of Cleomenes'' 33; Pseudo-Plutarch ''Proverb. Alexandr.'' 13</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Christopher |title=Lysimachus, son of Ptolemy II |url=https://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/lysimachus_i_fr.htm |website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=Maggie>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Christopher |title=Magas, son of Ptolemy III |url=https://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/magas_ii_fr.htm |website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref> Berenice II died shortly afterwards; she is said to have been poisoned.<ref>[[Polybius]], 15.25.2. Cf. [[Zenobius]], 5.94.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=127–128}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Christopher |title=Berenicce II |url=https://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/berenice_ii_fr.htm |website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref> |
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===Fourth Syrian War=== |
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{{main|Fourth Syrian War}} |
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| footer = The Spartan king [[Cleomenes III]] (left) and the Seleucid king [[Antiochus III]] (right) |
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The [[Seleucid]] king [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus the Great]] invaded [[Coele-Syria]] in 221 BC. He was rebuffed by the Ptolemaic governor of the region, [[Theodotus of Aetolia|Theodotus]], and forced to turn east as a result of the revolt of his satrap of [[Media (region)|Media]], [[Molon]],<ref>[[Polybius]] 5.45–46</ref><ref name=H12832>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=128–132}}</ref> but in spring 219 BC he attacked once more, beginning the [[Fourth Syrian War]] and quickly captured most of Coele-Syria.<ref>Polybius 5.61–63, 66</ref><ref name=H12832/> Polybius says that this occurred because Ptolemy had given himself up to luxury, leaving all administration of the kingdom to Sosibius, who neglected the finances and military defences.{{r|poly_5.63_65_66_83_87}} |
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In the midst of this, there was a revolt in Alexandria, led by Cleomenes III of Sparta, which [[Polybius]] presents as having been a serious threat to Ptolemy IV's regime. Ptolemy III had promised to restore Cleomenes III, now living in Alexandria with a force of 3,000 mercenaries, to the Spartan throne, but his death had put an end to these plans. Initially, Ptolemy IV and Sosibius had indulged Cleomenes III, seeing him as a counter to Ptolemy IV's brother Magas. But after Magas' death, Ptolemy IV's interest waned and Sosibius had had the Spartan placed under house arrest. In 219 BC, while Ptolemy IV was at [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopus]], Cleomenes III broke free and attempted to lead an armed uprising against Sosibius. He and his followers launched an attack on the main citadel in Alexandria, hoping to liberate the men imprisoned within, but this attack was unsuccessful and the people of Alexandria did not respond to their call to rise up. Cleomenes III and his followers then committed suicide.<ref>[[Polybius]] 5.38–39; [[Plutarch]] ''Life of Cleomenes'' 33–37</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=128}}</ref> |
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During the remainder of the reign of Ptolemy Sosibius seems to have retained his power, without opposition, though sharing it in some degree with the infamous Agathocles, but we have very little information with regard to the latter years of his rule. We are told,, however, that he was once more the minister of Ptolemy in putting to death his wife and sister [[Arsinoe_III_of_Egypt|Arsinoe]], as he had previously been in the murder of his other relations.{{rf|3|poly_15.25}} But great as was the address of Sosibius in all the arts and intrigues of a courtier, he was no match for his colleague [[Agathocles]]; and although, after the death of Ptolemy Philopator ([[205 BC]]), the two ministers at first assumed in conjunction the guardianship of the young king, [[Ptolemy V of Egypt|Ptolemy Epiphanes]], Sosibius seems to have been soon supplanted and put to death by his insidious rival. All particulars of these events are, however, lost to us.{{rf|4|poly_15.25_34}} |
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At the beginning of winter, Antiochus III negotiated a ceasefire with Ptolemy IV. Formal peace negotiations followed at Seleucia Pieria, but they do not seem to have been undertaken in good faith on either side.<ref>[[Polybius]] 5.67</ref><ref name=H12832/> Sosibius and Agathocles used the cease fire to whip the Ptolemaic army into shape, while Antiochus III used it to prepare for a new offensive. In early 218 BC, the Seleucid king obliterated the Ptolemaic forces at [[Berytus]] on land and at sea, opening the way for the invasion of Coele Syria. There he captured [[Amman|Philadelphia]], but was unable to gain the southern [[Beqa'a valley]], [[Damascus]], or [[Sidon]].<ref>[[Polybius]] 5.68–71</ref><ref name=H12832/> In 217 BC, Sosibius accompanied Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III when they led the Egyptian army into the Levant. The Ptolemaic army defeated Antiochus decisively in battle at [[Battle of Raphia|Raphia]] on 22 June 217 BC and Ptolemy sent Sosibius to organise the peace treaty that ended the war.<ref>[[Polybius]] 5.79–87; [[Justin (historian)|Justin]], ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'' 30.1</ref><ref name=H12832/> Ptolemy IV retained the territories that he had held at the start of the war except, apparently, Seleucia Pieria, and he received an enormous sum of gold.<ref>[[Raphia Decree]] ([http://www.attalus.org/docs/other/inscr_259.html link to text]); [[Polybius]] 5.87</ref><ref name=H12832/> |
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==References== |
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===Accession of Ptolemy V=== |
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[[File:Egypt - king Ptolemaios V - 204-203 BC - gold oktadrachm - bust of Ptolemaios V - cornucopiae - Berlin MK AM 18203067.jpg|thumb|Tetradrachm of [[Ptolemy V Epiphanes]], issued {{c.}} 200 BC.]] |
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Sosibius seems to have remained in power for the rest of Ptolemy IV's reign alongside Agathocles. Revolts broke out in Egypt sometime before 207 BC. In October or November 205 BC, the leader of the southern revolt captured the city of [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] and had himself crowned [[Pharaoh]], taking the name Horwennefer, rendered in Greek sources as [[Hugronaphor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=154–155}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Horwennefer / Ankhwennefer|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/horwennefer.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> In the midst of this conflict, in July or August 204 BC, Ptolemy IV died in unclear circumstances. A late source, [[John of Antioch (chronicler)|John of Antioch]] mentions a fire in the palace. Arsinoe III also died at this time. According to [[Polybius]], she was murdered by Sosibius, but another historian, [[Justin (historian)|Justin]], says that she had been divorced and murdered by Ptolemy IV under the influence of his mistress Agathoclea, shortly before his own death.<ref>[[Polybius]] 15.25–26a; [[Justin (historian)|Justin]], ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'' 30.2; John of Antioch ''[[FGrH]]'' 558 F54</ref><ref name=CBP4>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy IV|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_iv_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=H133>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=133}}</ref> |
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An uncertain amount of time elapsed after the death of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III (perhaps a week) during which Sosibius and Agathocles kept their deaths secret. The only living member of the royal family was Ptolemy IV's son [[Ptolemy V of Egypt|Ptolemy V Epiphanes]], who was about five years old. Some time before September 204 BC,<ref name=CBP5>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy V|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_v_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> the royal bodyguard and army officers were gathered at the royal palace and Sosibius announced the death of the ruling couple and presented Ptolemy IV's son [[Ptolemy V of Egypt|Ptolemy V Epiphanes]] to be acclaimed as king, wrapping the [[diadem]] around his head. Sosibius read out Ptolemy IV's will, which made Sosibius and Agathocles regents and placed Ptolemy V in the personal care of his mistress Agathoclea and her mother Oenanthe. [[Polybius]] thought that this will was a forgery produced by Sosibius and Agathocles themselves and modern scholars tend to agree with him. Sosibius is not heard of again after this event and it is generally assumed that he died, perhaps at the hands of Agathocles. Hölbl suggests that the loss of his acumen was fatal to the regency.<ref>Justin, ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'' 30.2; [[Polybius]] 15.25.3</ref><ref name=H1346>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=134–136}}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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{{ent|1|poly_5.34-39_15.25_plut_33-35}} Polybius, ''Histories'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=5.34 v. 34-39], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=15.25 xv. 25]; [[Plutarch]], ''Lives'', "Cleomenes", [http://www.attalus.org/old/cleomenes2.html 33-35] |
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<ref name=poly_5.63_65_66_83_87>[[Polybius]], ''Histories'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=5.63 v. 63], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=5.65 65], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=5.66 66], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=5.83 83], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=5.87 87]</ref> |
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}} |
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{{ent|3|poly_15.25}} Ibid., [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=15.25 xv. 25] |
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==Bibliography == |
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{{ent|4|poly_15.25_34}} Ibid., [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=15.25 xv. 25], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=15.34 34] |
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*[[Polybius]]; ''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+1.1 Histories]'', [[Evelyn S. Shuckburgh]] (translator); [[London]] - [[New York City|New York]], (1889) |
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*{{cite book |last1=Hölbl |first1=Günther |title=A History of the Ptolemaic Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London & New York |isbn=0415201454 |pages=143–152 & 181–194}} |
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Latest revision as of 11:09, 10 March 2024
Sosibius (Ancient Greek: Σωσίβιoς; floruit 221-204) was the chief minister of Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–204 BC), king of Egypt. Nothing is known of his origin or parentage, though he may have been a son of Sosibius of Tarentum; nor is there any account of how he rose to power. He is first attested immediately after the accession of Ptolemy IV in 221 BC, exercising great influence over the 22-year old king alongside Agathocles, the brother of Ptolemy IV's mistress Agathoclea. He remained a major force throughout the reign and helped ensure the smooth succession of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in 204 BC. After that he disappears from the record.
Life[edit]
Accession of Ptolemy IV[edit]
The historian Polybius characterises him as "the pseudo-guardian of Ptolemy [who] seemed to be a shrewd and long-lasting tool, but was ever doing evil in the kingdom."[1] and says he was responsible for a purge of the royal family which took place shortly after Ptolemy's accession. Ptolemy IV's uncle Lysimachus was probably murdered at this time.[2][3] His mother Berenice II was believed to support his younger brother Magas, who had held substantial military commands and was popular with the army, so Magas was scalded to death in his bath.[4][5][6] Berenice II died shortly afterwards; she is said to have been poisoned.[7][8][9]
Fourth Syrian War[edit]
The Seleucid king Antiochus the Great invaded Coele-Syria in 221 BC. He was rebuffed by the Ptolemaic governor of the region, Theodotus, and forced to turn east as a result of the revolt of his satrap of Media, Molon,[10][11] but in spring 219 BC he attacked once more, beginning the Fourth Syrian War and quickly captured most of Coele-Syria.[12][11] Polybius says that this occurred because Ptolemy had given himself up to luxury, leaving all administration of the kingdom to Sosibius, who neglected the finances and military defences.[13]
In the midst of this, there was a revolt in Alexandria, led by Cleomenes III of Sparta, which Polybius presents as having been a serious threat to Ptolemy IV's regime. Ptolemy III had promised to restore Cleomenes III, now living in Alexandria with a force of 3,000 mercenaries, to the Spartan throne, but his death had put an end to these plans. Initially, Ptolemy IV and Sosibius had indulged Cleomenes III, seeing him as a counter to Ptolemy IV's brother Magas. But after Magas' death, Ptolemy IV's interest waned and Sosibius had had the Spartan placed under house arrest. In 219 BC, while Ptolemy IV was at Canopus, Cleomenes III broke free and attempted to lead an armed uprising against Sosibius. He and his followers launched an attack on the main citadel in Alexandria, hoping to liberate the men imprisoned within, but this attack was unsuccessful and the people of Alexandria did not respond to their call to rise up. Cleomenes III and his followers then committed suicide.[14][15]
At the beginning of winter, Antiochus III negotiated a ceasefire with Ptolemy IV. Formal peace negotiations followed at Seleucia Pieria, but they do not seem to have been undertaken in good faith on either side.[16][11] Sosibius and Agathocles used the cease fire to whip the Ptolemaic army into shape, while Antiochus III used it to prepare for a new offensive. In early 218 BC, the Seleucid king obliterated the Ptolemaic forces at Berytus on land and at sea, opening the way for the invasion of Coele Syria. There he captured Philadelphia, but was unable to gain the southern Beqa'a valley, Damascus, or Sidon.[17][11] In 217 BC, Sosibius accompanied Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III when they led the Egyptian army into the Levant. The Ptolemaic army defeated Antiochus decisively in battle at Raphia on 22 June 217 BC and Ptolemy sent Sosibius to organise the peace treaty that ended the war.[18][11] Ptolemy IV retained the territories that he had held at the start of the war except, apparently, Seleucia Pieria, and he received an enormous sum of gold.[19][11]
Accession of Ptolemy V[edit]
Sosibius seems to have remained in power for the rest of Ptolemy IV's reign alongside Agathocles. Revolts broke out in Egypt sometime before 207 BC. In October or November 205 BC, the leader of the southern revolt captured the city of Thebes and had himself crowned Pharaoh, taking the name Horwennefer, rendered in Greek sources as Hugronaphor.[20][21] In the midst of this conflict, in July or August 204 BC, Ptolemy IV died in unclear circumstances. A late source, John of Antioch mentions a fire in the palace. Arsinoe III also died at this time. According to Polybius, she was murdered by Sosibius, but another historian, Justin, says that she had been divorced and murdered by Ptolemy IV under the influence of his mistress Agathoclea, shortly before his own death.[22][23][24]
An uncertain amount of time elapsed after the death of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III (perhaps a week) during which Sosibius and Agathocles kept their deaths secret. The only living member of the royal family was Ptolemy IV's son Ptolemy V Epiphanes, who was about five years old. Some time before September 204 BC,[25] the royal bodyguard and army officers were gathered at the royal palace and Sosibius announced the death of the ruling couple and presented Ptolemy IV's son Ptolemy V Epiphanes to be acclaimed as king, wrapping the diadem around his head. Sosibius read out Ptolemy IV's will, which made Sosibius and Agathocles regents and placed Ptolemy V in the personal care of his mistress Agathoclea and her mother Oenanthe. Polybius thought that this will was a forgery produced by Sosibius and Agathocles themselves and modern scholars tend to agree with him. Sosibius is not heard of again after this event and it is generally assumed that he died, perhaps at the hands of Agathocles. Hölbl suggests that the loss of his acumen was fatal to the regency.[26][27]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Polybius, Histories 15.25: Σωσίβιος ὁ ψευδεπίτροπος Πτολεμαίου ἐδόκει γεγονέναι σκεῦος ἀγχίνουν καὶ πολυχρόνιον, ἔτι δὲ κακοποιὸν ἐν βασιλείᾳ
- ^ Polybius 15.25.2
- ^ Bennett, Chris. "Lysimachus". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ^ Polybius 15.25.2; Plutarch, Life of Cleomenes 33; Pseudo-Plutarch Proverb. Alexandr. 13
- ^ Smith, Christopher. "Lysimachus, son of Ptolemy II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ Smith, Christopher. "Magas, son of Ptolemy III". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ Polybius, 15.25.2. Cf. Zenobius, 5.94.
- ^ Hölbl 2001, pp. 127–128
- ^ Smith, Christopher. "Berenicce II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ Polybius 5.45–46
- ^ a b c d e f Hölbl 2001, pp. 128–132
- ^ Polybius 5.61–63, 66
- ^ Polybius, Histories, v. 63, 65, 66, 83, 87
- ^ Polybius 5.38–39; Plutarch Life of Cleomenes 33–37
- ^ Hölbl 2001, p. 128
- ^ Polybius 5.67
- ^ Polybius 5.68–71
- ^ Polybius 5.79–87; Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 30.1
- ^ Raphia Decree (link to text); Polybius 5.87
- ^ Hölbl 2001, pp. 154–155
- ^ Bennett, Chris. "Horwennefer / Ankhwennefer". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ Polybius 15.25–26a; Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 30.2; John of Antioch FGrH 558 F54
- ^ Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy IV". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ Hölbl 2001, p. 133
- ^ Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy V". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
- ^ Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 30.2; Polybius 15.25.3
- ^ Hölbl 2001, pp. 134–136
Bibliography[edit]
- Polybius; Histories, Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London - New York, (1889)
- Bevan, Edwyn R.; The House of Ptolemy, London, (1927), chapter 7
- Hölbl, Günther (2001). A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 143–152 & 181–194. ISBN 0415201454.
- Smith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, "Sosibius (2)", Boston, (1867)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)