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{{Short description|Emperor of Đại Việt from 1278 to 1293}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Expand Vietnamese|Trần Nhân Tông|date=April 2021}}
{{Expand Vietnamese|Trần Nhân Tông|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Trần Nhân Tông<br>陳仁宗
| name = Trần Nhân Tông<br>陳仁宗
|title=[[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor of Đại Việt]]
| title = [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor of Đại Việt]]
|image=Trần Nhân Tông TLĐSXSCĐ.png
| image =
|father=[[Trần Thánh Tông]]
| father = [[Trần Thánh Tông]]
|mother=Empress Thiên Cảm
| mother = Empress Thiên Cảm
|spouse=Empress Bảo Thánh<br>Empress Tuyên Từ
| spouse = Empress Bảo Thánh<br>Empress Tuyên Từ
|issue=Crown Prince [[Trần Thuyên]]<br>Prince Huệ Vũ [[Trần Quốc Chẩn]]<br>Princess [[Huyền Trân]]
| issue = Crown Prince [[Trần Thuyên]]<br>Prince Huệ Vũ [[Trần Quốc Chẩn]]<br>Princess [[Huyền Trân]]
|birth_date=7 December 1258
| birth_date = {{birth date|1258|12|7|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Thăng Long]], [[Names of Vietnam|Đại Việt]]
| birth_place = [[Thăng Long]], [[Names of Vietnam|Đại Việt]]
|death_date=16 December 1308
| death_date = {{death date and age|1308|12|16|1258|12|7|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Yên Tử Mountain]], [[Names of Vietnam|Đại Việt]]
| death_place = [[Yên Tử Mountain]], [[Names of Vietnam|Đại Việt]]
|place of burial = Đức Lăng
| place of burial = Đức Lăng
|full name= Trần Khâm (陳昑)
| full name = Trần Khâm (陳昑)
|succession=[[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty|Emperor of Trần dynasty]]
| succession = [[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty|Emperor of Trần dynasty]]
|reign=1278&ndash;1293
| reign = 1278&ndash;1293
|predecessor=[[Trần Thánh Tông]]
| predecessor = [[Trần Thánh Tông]]
|successor=[[Trần Anh Tông]]
| successor = [[Trần Anh Tông]]
|succession1=[[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty|Retired Emperor of Trần dynasty]]
| succession1 = [[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty|Emperor Emeritus of Trần dynasty]]
|reign1=1294&ndash;1308
| reign1 = 1294&ndash;1308
|predecessor1=[[Trần Thánh Tông]]
| predecessor1 = [[Trần Thánh Tông]]
|successor1=[[Trần Anh Tông]]
| successor1 = [[Trần Anh Tông]]
|house=[[Trần dynasty|Trần]]
| house = [[Trần dynasty|Trần]]
|era dates= Thiệu Bảo (紹寶, 1278&ndash;1285)<br>Trùng Hưng (重興, 1285&ndash;1293)
| era dates = Thiệu Bảo (紹寶, 1278&ndash;1285)<br>Trùng Hưng (重興, 1285&ndash;1293)
| regnal name = Pháp Thiên Ngự Cực Anh Liệt Vũ Thánh Minh Nhân Hoàng Đế (法天御極英烈武聖明仁皇帝)
|temple name=Nhân Tông (仁宗)
| temple name = Nhân Tông (仁宗)
|posthumous name=Pháp-thiên Sùng-đạo Ứng-thế Hoa-dân Long-từ Hiển-huệ Thánh-văn Thần-vũ Nguyên-minh Duệ-hiếu Hoàng Đế<br>法天崇道應世化民隆慈顯惠聖文神武元明睿孝皇帝
| posthumous name = Pháp-thiên Sùng-đạo Ứng-thế Hoa-dân Long-từ Hiển-huệ Thánh-văn Thần-vũ Nguyên-minh Duệ-hiếu Hoàng Đế<br>法天崇道應世化民隆慈顯惠聖文神武元明睿孝皇帝
|religion = Buddhism
| religion = Buddhism
}}
}}
'''Trần Nhân Tông''' (7 December 1258&ndash;16 December 1308), [[Vietnamese name|personal name]] '''Trần Khâm''', temple name '''Nhân Tông''', was the third monarch of the [[Trần dynasty]], reigning over [[Đại Việt]] from 1278 to 1293. After ceding the throne to his son [[Trần Anh Tông]], Nhân Tông held the title Retired Emperor ({{lang-vi|Thái thượng hoàng|links=no}}) from 1294 to his death in 1308. During the second and third [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]] of Đại Việt, the Emperor Nhân Tông and his father the Retired Emperor [[Trần Thánh Tông|Thánh Tông]] were credited as the supreme commanders who led the Trần dynasty to the final victories and since established a long period of peace and prosperity over the country.
'''Trần Nhân Tông''' (7 December 1258&ndash;16 December 1308), [[Vietnamese name|personal name]] '''Trần Khâm''', temple name '''Nhân Tông''', was the third emperor of the [[Trần dynasty]], reigning over [[Đại Việt]] from 1278 to 1293.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZMYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |page=55 |title=Trúc Lâm Buddhism in Vietnam: Its History, Development, and Legacy |author=Laura Thuy-Loan Nguyen |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2021|isbn=9781527564466 }}</ref> After ceding the throne to his son [[Trần Anh Tông]], Nhân Tông held the title Emperor Emeritus ({{lang-vi|Thái thượng hoàng|links=no}}) from 1294 to his death in 1308. During the second and third [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]] of Đại Việt, the Emperor Nhân Tông and his father the Emperor Emeritus [[Trần Thánh Tông|Thánh Tông]] were credited with the decisive victory against the [[Yuan dynasty]] and would thenceforth establish a long period of peace and prosperity over the country.


==Background and during Thánh Tông's reign==
==Background==
Trần Nhân Tông was born on November 11 of the [[lunar calendar]] 1258 as Trần Khâm,<ref name=Ngo175>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=175}}</ref> the first son of the Emperor [[Trần Thánh Tông]], who had been ceded the throne by [[Trần Thái Tông]] for only eight months, and Empress Thiên Cảm Trần Thị Thiều. It was said that the newborn Trần Khâm was so fine that his grandfather [[Trần Thái Tông|Thái Tông]] and father Thánh Tông named him as Kim Tiên đồng tử (Pupil of the Heavenly Kim Tiên).<ref name=Ngo185/> Prince Trần Khâm was entitled as [[Crown Prince]] of the Trần dynasty in December 1274,<ref name=Ngo182>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=182}}</ref> he had a younger brother, Prince Tá Thiên Trần Đức Việp (born in 1265)<ref name=Ngo179>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=179}}</ref> and an elder sister, Princess Thiên Thụy, who would die on the same day as her brother Nhân Tông.<ref name=Ngo220>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=220}}</ref> Always concerned with the education of his son, in 1274, Trần Thánh Tông appointed the prominent mandarin and general [[Lê Phụ Trần]] in the position of the crown prince's professor with two famous scholars [[Nguyễn Sĩ Cố]] and [[Nguyễn Thánh Huấn]] as assistants, the Emperor himself also composed poems and a literary work named ''Di hậu lục'' to educate prince Trần Khâm.<ref name=Ngo182/>
Trần Nhân Tông was born on 11 November 1258 as Trần Khâm,<ref name=Ngo175>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=175}}</ref> the first son of Emperor [[Trần Thánh Tông]], who had ceded the throne by [[Trần Thái Tông]] for only eight months, and Empress Thiên Cảm Trần Thị Thiều. It was said that the newborn Trần Khâm was so becoming in appearance that his grandfather Thái Tông and father Thánh Tông named him as Kim Tiên đồng tử (Pupil of the Heavenly Kim Tiên).<ref name=Ngo185/>


Prince Trần Khâm was entitled as [[Crown Prince]] of the Trần dynasty in December 1274,<ref name="Ngo182">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=182}}</ref> he had a younger brother, Prince Tá Thiên (also known as Trần Đức Việp) who was born in 1265<ref name="Ngo179">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=179}}</ref> and an elder sister, Princess Thiên Thụy, who would die on the same day as her brother Nhân Tông.<ref name="Ngo220">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=220}}</ref> Always concerned with the education of his son, in 1274, Thánh Tông appointed the prominent mandarin and general [[Lê Phụ Trần]] in the position of the crown prince's professor with two famous scholars [[Nguyễn Sĩ Cố]] and [[Nguyễn Thánh Huấn]] as assistants. The Emperor himself also composed poems and a literary work named ''Di hậu lục'' to educate prince Trần Khâm.<ref name="Ngo182" />
⚫
On the 22nd of the tenth lunar month (November 8) 1278,<Ref name=calendar>{{cite web| url=http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/amlich/ |title= Chuyển đổi ngày âm dương - Lunar calendar converter |accessdate=22 March 2021}} The second option on the left tab allows for the lunar date to be entered on the top green row, and gives a conversion to Gregorian date, and vice versa.</ref> Trần Thánh Tông decided to cede the throne to the Crown Prince Trần Khâm, now Trần Nhân Tông, and held the title Retired Emperor.<ref name=Ngo185>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=185}}</ref> After the coronation, Nhân Tông changed the [[era name]] to Thiệu Bảo ([[wikt:紹|紹]][[wikt:寶|寶]], 1278&ndash;1285),<ref name=Ngo186>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=186}}</ref> during his reign, the emperor had one more era name which was Trùng Hưng ([[wikt:重|重]][[wikt:興|興]], 1285&ndash;1293).<ref name=Ngo195>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=195}}</ref> Although passing the throne to his son, Thánh Tông continued to co-rule the country with Nhân Tông from 1279 to his death in 1290.


⚫
On 8 November 1278,<ref name="calendar">{{cite web| url=http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/amlich/ |title= Chuyển đổi ngày âm dương - Lunar calendar converter |accessdate=22 March 2021}} The second option on the left tab allows for the lunar date to be entered on the top green row, and gives a conversion to Gregorian date, and vice versa.</ref> Thánh Tông decided to cede the throne to the Crown Prince Trần Khâm, now Trần Nhân Tông, and held the title Emperor Emeritus.<ref name="Ngo185">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=185}}</ref> After the coronation, Nhân Tông changed the [[era name]] to Thiệu Bảo ([[wikt:紹|紹]] [[wikt:寶|寶]], 1278&ndash;1285),<ref name="Ngo186">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=186}}</ref> during his reign, the emperor had one more era name which was Trùng Hưng ([[wikt:重|重]] [[wikt:興|興]], 1285&ndash;1293).<ref name="Ngo195">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=195}}</ref> Although passing the throne to his son, Thánh Tông continued to co-rule the country with Nhân Tông from 1279 to his death in 1290.
==As emperor==

==Reign==
=== Mongol invasions ===
=== Mongol invasions ===
{{Infobox Chinese
{{Infobox Vietnamese
|vie=Trần Nhân Tông
| qn = Trần Nhân Tông
|hn={{linktext|陳|仁|宗}}
| chuhan = {{linktext|陳|仁|宗}}
}}
}}
{{Infobox Vietnamese
{{Infobox Vietnamese
|qn=Trần Khâm
|qn=Trần Khâm
|hn={{linktext|陳|昑}}
|chuhan={{linktext|陳|昑}}
}}
}}
In 1279, the [[Yuan dynasty]] had the decisive victory over the [[Song dynasty]] in [[Battle of Yamen]] which marked the end of the Song dynasty and the total control of [[Kublai Khan]] over China.<ref name="Ngo186"/> As a result, Kublai Khan began to expose his attempt to take over the southern countries like [[Đại Việt]] or [[Champa]]. Aware of the situation, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông began to prepare the Trần dynasty for the obvious and inevitable war while tried to keep a flexible policy with the Yuan dynasty.<ref name=Tran52>{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=52}}</ref> First, Prince Chiêu Văn [[Trần Nhật Duật]] was appointed for the mission of pacifying the revolt led by [[Trịnh Giác Mật]] in [[Đà Giang]] by diplomatic means in order to keep the country in stability before the war. With his knowledge of minority people's language and culture, Trần Nhật Duật successfully accomplished his task in 1278, hence, the Trần dynasty had free hand to deal with the threat from the North.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=186&ndash;187}}</ref> In October 1282, the Retired Emperor Trần Thánh Tông and the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông gathered all the members of the royal family, and officials in royal court in [[Bình Than]] to discuss about the unadvoidable war.<ref name=Ngo188>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=188}}</ref> Two prominent generals of Đại Việt's army were noticed on this occasion, [[Trần Khánh Dư]], former commander of the army but was deprived of all titles after his guilt, and [[Trần Quốc Toản]], only a 16-year-old marquis.<ref name=Ngo188/> In 1283, Prince Hưng Đạo [[Trần Quốc Tuấn]] was appointed as commander-in-chief (Quốc công tiết chế) of Đại Việt army, the Retired Emperor and the Emperor began to hold military exercises with their generals and troops.<ref name=Ngo188/>
In 1279, the [[Yuan dynasty]] won a decisive victory over the [[Song dynasty]] in [[Battle of Yamen]] which marked the end of the Song dynasty and the total control of [[Kublai Khan]] over China.<ref name="Ngo186"/> As a result, Kublai Khan began his conquest over the southern regions such as [[Đại Việt]] and [[Champa]]. Being aware of the situation, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông began to prepare the country for the war while trying to keep a flexible policy with the Yuan dynasty.<ref name=Tran52>{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=52}}</ref> Prince Chiêu Văn (also known as [[Trần Nhật Duật]]) was appointed to pacify the revolt led by [[Trịnh Giác Mật]] in [[Đà Giang]]. He tried by diplomacy to keep the country stable before the war. With his knowledge of a minority people's language and culture, he successfully accomplished his task in 1278, so now the country was free to deal with the threat from the North.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=186&ndash;187}}</ref>


In October 1282, the Retired Emperor Thánh Tông and the Emperor Nhân Tông gathered all members of the royal family, and officials in the royal court in [[Bình Than]] to discuss the unavoidable war.<ref name="Ngo188">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=188}}</ref> Two prominent generals of Đại Việt's army were called [[Trần Khánh Dư]], former commander of the army but was deprived of all titles and [[Trần Quốc Tuấn]], who would later be called Prince Hưng Đạo.<ref name="Ngo188" /> In 1283 Quốc Tuấn was appointed as commander-in-chief (Quốc công tiết chế) of the army while the Retired Emperor and the Emperor began to hold military exercises with their generals and troops.<ref name="Ngo188" />
In December 1284, the second Yuan's invasion of Đại Việt was opended under the command of Kublai Khan's prince [[Toghon (son of Kublai)|Toghan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=189&ndash;190}}</ref> Đại Việt was attacked in two directions, Toghan himselft conducted the infantry invaded from the northern border while Yuan's navy under general [[Sogetu]] advanced from the southern border through [[Champa]]'s territory.<ref name=Ngo193>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=193}}</ref> In the beginning of the war, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông had to order the army retreat to avoid the pressure from Yuan's force when Prince Chiêu Minh [[Trần Quang Khải]] commanded troops try to stop Sogetu's fleet in the [[Nghệ An Province]]. During this time, there were several high-ranking officials and members of royal family of the Trần dynasty defected to Yuan's side including Thánh Tông's own brother, Prince Chiêu Quốc [[Trần Ích Tắc]] and Trần Kiện who was son of Prince Tĩnh Quốc [[Trần Quốc Khang]]. For the safeness of Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông's retreat, Princess [[An Tư]] was offered as present and diversion for prince Toghan while Marquis Bảo Nghĩa [[Trần Bình Trọng]] was captured and later killed in Battle of Đà Mạc in defending the two emperors.<ref name=Ngo192>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=192}}</ref> In the southern border, Trần Quang Khải also had to retreat under the pressure of Sogetu's navy and the defection of the governor of Nghe An.<ref name=Chapuis83>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=83}}</ref> Despite the repeated problems, the royal family and royal court of the Trần dynasty still kept their harmony and determination owing to accurates decisions and actions from the leaders Thánh Tông, Nhân Tông,<ref>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|pp=84&ndash;85}}</ref> Trần Quốc Tuấn and Trần Quang Khải.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=192&ndash;193}}</ref>
[[File:Portrait of Emperor Trần Nhân Tông.png|left|thumb|Portrait of Emperor Trần Nhân Tông]]
In December 1284, the second Yuan's invasion of Đại Việt commenced under the command of Kublai Khan's prince [[Toghon (son of Kublai)|Toghan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=189&ndash;190}}</ref> Đại Việt was attacked in two directions, Toghan himself conducted the infantry and invaded from the north while the Yuan navy (under general [[Sogetu]]) advanced from the southern border through [[Champa]]'s territory.<ref name="Ngo193">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=193}}</ref> In the beginning of the war, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông had to call for retreat when Prince Chiêu Minh (also known as [[Trần Quang Khải]]) who commanded troops, were trying to stop Sogetu's fleet in [[Nghệ An Province]].


During this time, several high-ranking officials and members of the Trần dynasty defected to the Yuan, this included Thánh Tông's own brother, Prince Chiêu Quốc (also known as [[Trần Ích Tắc]]) and Trần Kiện who was son of Prince Tĩnh Quốc (also known as [[Trần Quốc Khang]]).
⚫
The critical situation of the Trần dynasty began to change after their victory in [[Battle of Hàm Tử]] in April 1285 where the troops commanded by [[Trần Nhật Duật]], Prince Chiêu Thành, [[Trần Quốc Toản]] and [[Nguyễn Khoái]] were finally able to defeat the fleet of Admiral Sogetu. On May 10 of lunar calendar 1285, Trần Quang Khải fought the decisive battle in [[Battle of Chương Dương|Chương Dương]] where Sogetu's navy was almost destroyed and therefore the balance in battlefield titled definitely in favour of the Trần dynasty.<ref name=Chapuis83/><ref name=Tran58>{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=58}}</ref> 10 days after Sogetu was killed and Trần's Emperor Nhân Tông and Retired Emperor Thánh Tông returned to capital Thăng Long on June 6 of lunar calendar, 1285.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=192&ndash;195}}</ref>


For the safety of Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông's retreat, Princess [[An Tư]] was offered as a gift and diversion for prince Toghan while Marquis Bảo Nghĩa (also known as [[Trần Bình Trọng]]) was captured and later killed in the Battle of Đà Mạc while defending the two emperors.<ref name="Ngo192">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=192}}</ref> In the southern border, Quang Khải had to retreat under pressure from Sogetu's navy and the defection of the governor of Nghệ An.<ref name="Chapuis83">{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=83}}</ref>
⚫
In March 1287, the [[Yuan dynasty]] launched their third invasion of Đại Việt.<ref name="Ngo195"/> Unlike the second attack, this time commander in chief Prince Hưng Đạo Trần Quốc Tuấn affirmed with the Emperor that Đại Việt's army could easily break the Yuan's military campaign. Indeed, this invasion was ended one year later by a disastrous defeat of the Yuan navy in [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)|Battle of Bạch Đằng]] on March 8 of lunar calendar, 1288.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=196&ndash;198}}</ref> Besides Trần Quốc Tuấn, other notable generals of the Trần dynasty during this time were Prince Nhân Huệ [[Trần Khánh Dư]] who destroyed the logistics convoy of Yuan navy<ref name=Ngo197>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=197}}</ref><ref name=Tran61>{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=61}}</ref><ref name=Chapuis84>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada|pages=161&ndash;162|first=James P.|last= Delgado|publisher=University of California Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-25976-8}}</ref> in the [[Battle of Vân Đồn]] or general [[Phạm Ngũ Lão]] who took charge of ambushing prince Toghan's retreating troops.<ref name=Tran62>{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=62}}</ref>

⚫
The critical situation began to change with the dynasty's victory in the [[Battle of Hàm Tử]] in April 1285 where troops commanded by [[Trần Nhật Duật]], Prince Chiêu Thành, [[Trần Quốc Toản|Quốc Toản]] and [[Nguyễn Khoái]] were finally able to defeat Sogetu's fleet. On 10 May 1285, Quang Khải fought in the decisive [[Battle of Chương Dương]] where Sogetu's navy was almost destroyed and the war turned in the favour of the Trần dynasty.<ref name="Chapuis83" /><ref name="Tran58">{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=58}}</ref> Ten days after Sogetu was killed, Nhân Tông and Thánh Tông returned to the capital [[Hanoi|Thăng Long]] on 6 June 1285.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=192&ndash;195}}</ref>

⚫
In March 1287, the Yuan dynasty launched their third invasion of Đại Việt.<ref name="Ngo195" /> Unlike the second attack, this time Quốc Tuấn affirmed with the Emperor that Đại Việt's army could easily break the Yuan's military campaign. This invasion ended after only one year due to a disastrous defeat of the Yuan navy in the [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)|Battle of Bạch Đằng]] on 8 March 1288.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=196&ndash;198}}</ref> Besides Quốc Tuấn, other notable generals of the Trần dynasty during this time were Prince Nhân Huệ (also known as [[Trần Khánh Dư]]) who destroyed the logistics convoy of the Yuan navy<ref name="Ngo197">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=197}}</ref><ref name="Tran61">{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=61}}</ref><ref name="Chapuis84">{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada|pages=161&ndash;162|first=James P.|last= Delgado|publisher=University of California Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-25976-8}}</ref> in the [[Battle of Vân Đồn]]. Another was general [[Phạm Ngũ Lão]] who took charge of ambushing prince Toghan's retreating troops.<ref name="Tran62">{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=62}}</ref>


{{wide image|The Mahasattva of Truc Lam leaves the Mountain 竹林大士出山圖.jpg|1200px|Scroll from the Trần dynasty showing the scene in which the retired emperor Trần Nhân Tông returns to Thăng Long from his hermitage.}}
{{wide image|The Mahasattva of Truc Lam leaves the Mountain 竹林大士出山圖.jpg|1200px|Scroll from the Trần dynasty showing the scene in which the retired emperor Trần Nhân Tông returns to Thăng Long from his hermitage.}}


===After the war===
===After the war===
[[File:Chân dung Phật hoàng Trần Nhân Tông trong sách Thiền uyển tập anh 01.jpg|thumb|The portrait of Phật hoàng Trần Nhân Tông in the book [[Thiền uyển tập anh]]]]
In rewarding Trần dynasty generals and mandarins after the victory, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông also reminded them of the caution to the northern border.<ref name=Ngo200>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=200}}</ref> About the defectors to Yuan side, the Emperor issued an order in which the family name of every defected member of Trần clan was changed to Mai, for example Trần Kiện was renamed as Mai Kiện, being the only defected prince of Trần clan, Trần Ích Tắc was exempted from this order but he was called in historical accounts of the Trần dynasty by the name "Ả Trần" ("the woman named Trần") meaning that Trần Ích Tắc was "coward as a woman".<ref name="Chapuis84"/><ref name=Ngo200/><ref name=Tran63>{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=63}}</ref>
In rewarding generals and mandarins after the victory, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông cautioned them of the northern border.<ref name=Ngo200>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=200}}</ref> As to the defectors during the war, the Emperor issued an order in which the family name of every defected member of the Trần clan was changed to Mai, for example Trần Kiện was renamed as Mai Kiện. The only defected prince of the Trần clan, Trần Ích Tắc, was exempted from this order but he was called in historical accounts of the Trần dynasty by the name "Ả Trần" ("the woman named Trần") meaning that Trần Ích Tắc would be known as a "coward as a woman".<ref name="Chapuis84"/><ref name=Ngo200/><ref name=Tran63>{{Harvnb|Trần Trọng Kim|1971|p=63}}</ref>


The Retired Emperor Trần Thánh Tông died on May 25 of lunar calendar, 1290 at the age of 50.<ref name=Ngo201>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=201}}</ref> As the sole ruler of Đại Việt, Trần Nhân Tông ordered to relax the taxing policy, relieve the poor and postpone the military campaign against [[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture#Ailao|Ai Lao]] so that the country could recover after two fierce wars, several famine and natural disasters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=201&ndash;202}}</ref>
The Retired Emperor Thánh Tông died on 25 May 1290 at the age of 50.<ref name=Ngo201>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=201}}</ref> As the sole ruler of Đại Việt, Nhân Tông ordered to relax the taxing policy, relieving the poor and postponing the military campaign against [[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture#Ailao|Ai Lao]] so that the country could recover after two fierce wars, several famines and natural disasters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|pp=201&ndash;202}}</ref>


On February 3 of lunar calendar, 1292,<ref name=Ngo202>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=202}}</ref> Nhân Tông entitled his first son [[Trần Thuyên]] as Crown Prince of the Trần dynasty and finally decided to pass the throne to him on March 3 of lunar calendar, 1293.<ref name=Ngo203>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=203}}</ref>
On 3 February 1292,<ref name=Ngo202>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=202}}</ref> Nhân Tông entitled his first son [[Trần Thuyên]] as Crown Prince of the Trần dynasty and passed the throne to him on 3 March 1293.<ref name=Ngo203>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=203}}</ref>


Having given the throne to his son, Trần Nhân Tông spent more time in seeking spiritual awakening. In 1295, he was ordained as Buddhist [[Bhikkhu|monk]]. In 1299, he came to the mountain Yên Tử in modern-day Quảng Ninh, where he vowed to follow 10 ascetic practices of a [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s student. He also established a monastery, teaching about Buddhist principles and receiving a substantial amount of disciples. He was thought to have founded [[Trúc Lâm]], the only indigenous [[Zen Buddhism|Zen Buddhist]] sect in [[Vietnam]]. Not only settling in Yên Tử, he also travelled across the nation to teach Zen practices to monks and encourage his subjects to follow the Ten good acts theory (''Daśakuśalakarmāṇi'').{{Sfn|Tai Thu Nguyen|2008|pp=146-151.}}
Nhân Tông would then spend more time in seeking spiritual awakening. In 1295, he was ordained as Buddhist [[Bhikkhu|monk]]. In 1299, he came to the mountain of Yên Tử in modern-day Quảng Ninh, where he vowed to follow the ten ascetic practices as a [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s student. He also established a monastery, teaching about Buddhist principles and receiving a substantial amount of disciples. He was thought to have founded [[Trúc Lâm]], the only indigenous [[Zen Buddhism|Zen Buddhist]] sect in [[Vietnam]]. In addition, he travelled across the nation to teach Zen practices to monks and encourage his subjects to follow the Ten Good Acts theory (''Daśakuśalakarmāṇi'').{{Sfn|Tai Thu Nguyen|2008|pp=146-151.}}


In 1301, he visited [[Champa]], and lived for nine months at [[Jaya Sinhavarman III]]'s court.<ref name=Maspero>Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9747534991}}</ref>{{rp|87}}
In 1301, he visited [[Champa]], and lived for nine months at [[Jaya Sinhavarman III]]'s court.<ref name=Maspero>Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9747534991}}</ref>{{rp|87}}


In 1306, he gave his daughter, Princess [[Huyen Tran]], in marriage to the [[Champa]] king [[Jaya Simhavarman III]], in return for two Cham provinces.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|217}}
In 1306, he gave his daughter, Princess [[Huyen Tran]], in marriage to the [[Champa]] king [[Jaya Simhavarman III]], in return for two Cham provinces.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|217}}

[[File:Lăng Trần Nhân Tông.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Đức Lăng - The tomb of Trần Nhân Tông in [[Thái Bình Province]], Vietnam]]


==Family==
==Family==
Trần Nhân Tông married Princess Khâm Từ, later Empress Consort Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh, the eldest daughter of Grand Prince Hưng Đạo Trần Quốc Tuấn, in December 1274 when he was entitled as crown prince.<ref name=Ngo182/> Trần Nhân Tông had his first son, Trần Thuyên, on September 17 of lunar calendar, 1276, Trần Thuyên eventually became Nhân Tông's successor as Trần Anh Tông.<ref name=Ngo183>{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=183}}</ref>
[[File:Lăng Trần Nhân Tông.jpg|thumb|250px|Đức Lăng, the tomb of Trần Nhân Tông in [[Thái Bình Province]], Vietnam|left]]Trần Nhân Tông married Princess Khâm Từ, later Empress Consort Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh, the eldest daughter of Grand Prince Hưng Đạo Trần Quốc Tuấn, in December 1274 when he was entitled as crown prince.<ref name="Ngo182" /> Trần Nhân Tông had his first son, Trần Thuyên, on 17 September 1276, Trần Thuyên eventually became Nhân Tông's successor as Trần Anh Tông.<ref name="Ngo183">{{Harvnb|Ngô Sĩ Liên|1993|p=183}}</ref>
* Father: [[Trần Thánh Tông]]
* Father: [[Trần Thánh Tông]]
* Mother: Empress Nguyên Thánh Thiên Cảm [[Trần Thị Thiều]] of [[Trần Liễu]] clan
* Mother: Empress Nguyên Thánh Thiên Cảm [[Trần Thị Thiều]] of [[Trần Liễu]] clan
Line 87: Line 97:


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.<ref>{{cite book| title=Vietnam Country Map |publisher=Periplus Travel Maps |date=2002&ndash;03 |isbn=0-7946-0070-0}}</ref>
Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.<ref>{{cite book| title=Vietnam Country Map |publisher=Periplus Travel Maps |date=2002–2003 |isbn=0-7946-0070-0}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 95: Line 105:


===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
* {{Citation|author=Ngô Sĩ Liên|author-link=Ngô Sĩ Liên|title=[[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]]|edition=Nội các quan bản|year=1993|language=vi|publisher=Social Science Publishing House|location=Hanoi}}
* {{Citation |first=Oscar |last=Chapuis |title=A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA85 |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-29622-7}}
* {{Citation|author=National Bureau for Historical Record|author-link=National Bureau for Historical Record (Nguyễn Dynasty)|title=[[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]]|year=1998|language=vi|publisher=Education Publishing House|location=Hanoi}}
* {{Citation|author=National Bureau for Historical Record|author-link=National Bureau for Historical Record (Nguyễn Dynasty)|title=[[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]]|year=1998|language=vi|publisher=Education Publishing House|location=Hanoi}}
* {{Citation|author= Trần Trọng Kim|author-link=Trần Trọng Kim|title=[[Việt Nam sử lược]]|year=1971|language=vi|publisher=Center for School Materials|location=Saigon}}
* {{Citation|author=Ngô Sĩ Liên|author-link=Ngô Sĩ Liên|title=[[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]]|edition=Nội các quan bản|year=1993|language=vi|publisher=Social Science Publishing House|location=Hanoi}}
* {{Citation|author= Tai Thu Nguyen |title=The History of Buddhism in Vietnam|year=2008|language=en|publisher= CRVPC|location=Washington. D.C.}}
* {{Citation|author= Tai Thu Nguyen |title=The History of Buddhism in Vietnam|year=2008|language=en|publisher= CRVPC|location=Washington. D.C.}}
* {{Citation|author= Trần Trọng Kim|author-link=Trần Trọng Kim|title=[[Việt Nam sử lược]]|year=1971|language=vi|publisher=Center for School Materials|location=Saigon}}
* {{Citation|first=Oscar|last=Chapuis|title=A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA85|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-29622-7}}


{{S-start}}
{{S-start}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tran Nhan Tong}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tran, Nhan Tong}}
[[Category:Trần dynasty emperors|Nhan Tong]]
[[Category:Trần dynasty emperors|Nhan Tong]]
[[Category:13th-century Vietnamese poets]]
[[Category:13th-century Vietnamese poets]]
[[Category:Trần dynasty retired emperors|Nhan Tong]]
[[Category:Trần dynasty retired emperors|Nhan Tong]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:1258 births]]
[[Category:1258 births]]
[[Category:1308 deaths]]
[[Category:1308 deaths]]

Revision as of 05:25, 20 March 2024

Trần Nhân Tông
陳仁宗
Emperor of Đại Việt
Emperor of Trần dynasty
Reign1278–1293
PredecessorTrần Thánh Tông
SuccessorTrần Anh Tông
Emperor Emeritus of Trần dynasty
Reign1294–1308
PredecessorTrần Thánh Tông
SuccessorTrần Anh Tông
Born(1258-12-07)7 December 1258
Thăng Long, Đại Việt
Died16 December 1308(1308-12-16) (aged 50)
Yên Tử Mountain, Đại Việt
Burial
Đức Lăng
SpouseEmpress Bảo Thánh
Empress Tuyên Từ
IssueCrown Prince Trần Thuyên
Prince Huệ Vũ Trần Quốc Chẩn
Princess Huyền Trân
Names
Trần Khâm (陳昑)
Era dates
Thiệu Bảo (紹寶, 1278–1285)
Trùng Hưng (重興, 1285–1293)
Regnal name
Pháp Thiên Ngự Cực Anh Liệt Vũ Thánh Minh Nhân Hoàng Đế (法天御極英烈武聖明仁皇帝)
Posthumous name
Pháp-thiên Sùng-đạo Ứng-thế Hoa-dân Long-từ Hiển-huệ Thánh-văn Thần-vũ Nguyên-minh Duệ-hiếu Hoàng Đế
法天崇道應世化民隆慈顯惠聖文神武元明睿孝皇帝
Temple name
Nhân Tông (仁宗)
HouseTrần
FatherTrần Thánh Tông
MotherEmpress Thiên Cảm
ReligionBuddhism

Trần Nhân Tông (7 December 1258–16 December 1308), personal name Trần Khâm, temple name Nhân Tông, was the third emperor of the Trần dynasty, reigning over Đại Việt from 1278 to 1293.[1] After ceding the throne to his son Trần Anh Tông, Nhân Tông held the title Emperor Emeritus (Vietnamese: Thái thượng hoàng) from 1294 to his death in 1308. During the second and third Mongol invasions of Đại Việt, the Emperor Nhân Tông and his father the Emperor Emeritus Thánh Tông were credited with the decisive victory against the Yuan dynasty and would thenceforth establish a long period of peace and prosperity over the country.

Background

Trần Nhân Tông was born on 11 November 1258 as Trần Khâm,[2] the first son of Emperor Trần Thánh Tông, who had ceded the throne by Trần Thái Tông for only eight months, and Empress Thiên Cảm Trần Thị Thiều. It was said that the newborn Trần Khâm was so becoming in appearance that his grandfather Thái Tông and father Thánh Tông named him as Kim Tiên đồng tử (Pupil of the Heavenly Kim Tiên).[3]

Prince Trần Khâm was entitled as Crown Prince of the Trần dynasty in December 1274,[4] he had a younger brother, Prince Tá Thiên (also known as Trần Đức Việp) who was born in 1265[5] and an elder sister, Princess Thiên Thụy, who would die on the same day as her brother Nhân Tông.[6] Always concerned with the education of his son, in 1274, Thánh Tông appointed the prominent mandarin and general Lê Phụ Trần in the position of the crown prince's professor with two famous scholars Nguyễn Sĩ Cố and Nguyễn Thánh Huấn as assistants. The Emperor himself also composed poems and a literary work named Di hậu lục to educate prince Trần Khâm.[4]

On 8 November 1278,[7] Thánh Tông decided to cede the throne to the Crown Prince Trần Khâm, now Trần Nhân Tông, and held the title Emperor Emeritus.[3] After the coronation, Nhân Tông changed the era name to Thiệu Bảo (紹 寶, 1278–1285),[8] during his reign, the emperor had one more era name which was Trùng Hưng (重 興, 1285–1293).[9] Although passing the throne to his son, Thánh Tông continued to co-rule the country with Nhân Tông from 1279 to his death in 1290.

Reign

Mongol invasions

Trần Nhân Tông
Vietnamese alphabetTrần Nhân Tông
Chữ Hán陳仁宗
Trần Nhân Tông
Vietnamese alphabetTrần Khâm
Chữ Hán陳昑

In 1279, the Yuan dynasty won a decisive victory over the Song dynasty in Battle of Yamen which marked the end of the Song dynasty and the total control of Kublai Khan over China.[8] As a result, Kublai Khan began his conquest over the southern regions such as Đại Việt and Champa. Being aware of the situation, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông began to prepare the country for the war while trying to keep a flexible policy with the Yuan dynasty.[10] Prince Chiêu Văn (also known as Trần Nhật Duật) was appointed to pacify the revolt led by Trịnh Giác Mật in Đà Giang. He tried by diplomacy to keep the country stable before the war. With his knowledge of a minority people's language and culture, he successfully accomplished his task in 1278, so now the country was free to deal with the threat from the North.[11]

In October 1282, the Retired Emperor Thánh Tông and the Emperor Nhân Tông gathered all members of the royal family, and officials in the royal court in Bình Than to discuss the unavoidable war.[12] Two prominent generals of Đại Việt's army were called Trần Khánh Dư, former commander of the army but was deprived of all titles and Trần Quốc Tuấn, who would later be called Prince Hưng Đạo.[12] In 1283 Quốc Tuấn was appointed as commander-in-chief (Quốc công tiết chế) of the army while the Retired Emperor and the Emperor began to hold military exercises with their generals and troops.[12]

Portrait of Emperor Trần Nhân Tông

In December 1284, the second Yuan's invasion of Đại Việt commenced under the command of Kublai Khan's prince Toghan.[13] Đại Việt was attacked in two directions, Toghan himself conducted the infantry and invaded from the north while the Yuan navy (under general Sogetu) advanced from the southern border through Champa's territory.[14] In the beginning of the war, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông had to call for retreat when Prince Chiêu Minh (also known as Trần Quang Khải) who commanded troops, were trying to stop Sogetu's fleet in Nghệ An Province.

During this time, several high-ranking officials and members of the Trần dynasty defected to the Yuan, this included Thánh Tông's own brother, Prince Chiêu Quốc (also known as Trần Ích Tắc) and Trần Kiện who was son of Prince Tĩnh Quốc (also known as Trần Quốc Khang).

For the safety of Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông's retreat, Princess An Tư was offered as a gift and diversion for prince Toghan while Marquis Bảo Nghĩa (also known as Trần Bình Trọng) was captured and later killed in the Battle of Đà Mạc while defending the two emperors.[15] In the southern border, Quang Khải had to retreat under pressure from Sogetu's navy and the defection of the governor of Nghệ An.[16]

The critical situation began to change with the dynasty's victory in the Battle of Hàm Tử in April 1285 where troops commanded by Trần Nhật Duật, Prince Chiêu Thành, Quốc Toản and Nguyễn Khoái were finally able to defeat Sogetu's fleet. On 10 May 1285, Quang Khải fought in the decisive Battle of Chương Dương where Sogetu's navy was almost destroyed and the war turned in the favour of the Trần dynasty.[16][17] Ten days after Sogetu was killed, Nhân Tông and Thánh Tông returned to the capital Thăng Long on 6 June 1285.[18]

In March 1287, the Yuan dynasty launched their third invasion of Đại Việt.[9] Unlike the second attack, this time Quốc Tuấn affirmed with the Emperor that Đại Việt's army could easily break the Yuan's military campaign. This invasion ended after only one year due to a disastrous defeat of the Yuan navy in the Battle of Bạch Đằng on 8 March 1288.[19] Besides Quốc Tuấn, other notable generals of the Trần dynasty during this time were Prince Nhân Huệ (also known as Trần Khánh Dư) who destroyed the logistics convoy of the Yuan navy[20][21][22][23] in the Battle of Vân Đồn. Another was general Phạm Ngũ Lão who took charge of ambushing prince Toghan's retreating troops.[24]

Scroll from the Trần dynasty showing the scene in which the retired emperor Trần Nhân Tông returns to Thăng Long from his hermitage.

After the war

The portrait of Phật hoàng Trần Nhân Tông in the book Thiền uyển tập anh

In rewarding generals and mandarins after the victory, Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông cautioned them of the northern border.[25] As to the defectors during the war, the Emperor issued an order in which the family name of every defected member of the Trần clan was changed to Mai, for example Trần Kiện was renamed as Mai Kiện. The only defected prince of the Trần clan, Trần Ích Tắc, was exempted from this order but he was called in historical accounts of the Trần dynasty by the name "Ả Trần" ("the woman named Trần") meaning that Trần Ích Tắc would be known as a "coward as a woman".[22][25][26]

The Retired Emperor Thánh Tông died on 25 May 1290 at the age of 50.[27] As the sole ruler of Đại Việt, Nhân Tông ordered to relax the taxing policy, relieving the poor and postponing the military campaign against Ai Lao so that the country could recover after two fierce wars, several famines and natural disasters.[28]

On 3 February 1292,[29] Nhân Tông entitled his first son Trần Thuyên as Crown Prince of the Trần dynasty and passed the throne to him on 3 March 1293.[30]

Nhân Tông would then spend more time in seeking spiritual awakening. In 1295, he was ordained as Buddhist monk. In 1299, he came to the mountain of Yên Tử in modern-day Quảng Ninh, where he vowed to follow the ten ascetic practices as a Buddha's student. He also established a monastery, teaching about Buddhist principles and receiving a substantial amount of disciples. He was thought to have founded Trúc Lâm, the only indigenous Zen Buddhist sect in Vietnam. In addition, he travelled across the nation to teach Zen practices to monks and encourage his subjects to follow the Ten Good Acts theory (Daśakuśalakarmāṇi).[31]

In 1301, he visited Champa, and lived for nine months at Jaya Sinhavarman III's court.[32]: 87 

In 1306, he gave his daughter, Princess Huyen Tran, in marriage to the Champa king Jaya Simhavarman III, in return for two Cham provinces.[33]: 217 

Family

Đức Lăng, the tomb of Trần Nhân Tông in Thái Bình Province, Vietnam

Trần Nhân Tông married Princess Khâm Từ, later Empress Consort Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh, the eldest daughter of Grand Prince Hưng Đạo Trần Quốc Tuấn, in December 1274 when he was entitled as crown prince.[4] Trần Nhân Tông had his first son, Trần Thuyên, on 17 September 1276, Trần Thuyên eventually became Nhân Tông's successor as Trần Anh Tông.[34]

  1. Princess Trần Thị Trinh of Trần Liễu clan, daughter of Grand Prince Hưng Đạo. Later Empress Consort Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh
    1. Crown Prince Trần Thuyên, later Emperor Trần Anh Tông
  1. Empress Tuyên Từ of Trần Liễu clan, younger sister of Empress Consort Khâm Từ Bảo Thánh
    1. Prince Tran Quoc Chan
  2. Royal Consort Dang Thi Loan
  • Other Issues:
  1. Princess Thượng Trân
  2. Princess Thiên Trân
  3. Princess Huyền Trân

Legacy

Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.[35]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Laura Thuy-Loan Nguyen (2021). Trúc Lâm Buddhism in Vietnam: Its History, Development, and Legacy. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 9781527564466.
  2. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 175
  3. ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 185
  4. ^ a b c Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 182
  5. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 179
  6. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 220
  7. ^ "Chuyển đổi ngày âm dương - Lunar calendar converter". Retrieved 22 March 2021. The second option on the left tab allows for the lunar date to be entered on the top green row, and gives a conversion to Gregorian date, and vice versa.
  8. ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 186
  9. ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 195
  10. ^ Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 52
  11. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 186–187
  12. ^ a b c Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 188
  13. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 189–190
  14. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 193
  15. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 192
  16. ^ a b Chapuis 1995, p. 83
  17. ^ Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 58
  18. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 192–195
  19. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 196–198
  20. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 197
  21. ^ Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 61
  22. ^ a b Chapuis 1995, p. 84
  23. ^ Delgado, James P. (2009). Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada. University of California Press. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-520-25976-8.
  24. ^ Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 62
  25. ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 200
  26. ^ Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 63
  27. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 201
  28. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 201–202
  29. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 202
  30. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 203
  31. ^ Tai Thu Nguyen 2008, pp. 146-151..
  32. ^ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
  33. ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  34. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 183
  35. ^ Vietnam Country Map. Periplus Travel Maps. 2002–2003. ISBN 0-7946-0070-0.

Bibliography

Trần Nhân Tông
Born: 1258 Died: 1308
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Trần dynasty
1278–1293 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Retired Emperor of Trần dynasty
1294–1308 		Succeeded by
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