Privately owned public space

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Atrium of the 590 Madison Avenue building in New York, one of the most famous "privately owned public spaces" in New York City.
The Bishops Square in Spitalfields, London is a classic example of a public space in private ownership in the British context

A public space in private ownership , in English Privately owned public space (POPS) or English privately owned public open spaces (POPOS), usually refers to urban spaces that belong to private owners, but are legally publicly accessible to everyone. Such a space is usually created when new building complexes are built and is agreed between the private owner and the city administration - in return, the private owner receives, for example, special permits for construction. The concept of public spaces in private ownership can be found primarily outside of Europe, especially in major cities in the United States (including New York City , San Francisco , Los Angeles ), but also in Auckland , Melbourne , London , Santiago de Chile , Seoul , etc. and Toronto .

The English term "privately owned public space" was best known through the book Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience published by Jerold S. Kayden in 2000 . The book, created in collaboration with the New York City Planning Department and the Municipal Art Society of New York , describes the history of privately owned public spaces in New York. With the passing of the second zoning ordinance in 1961, the city created what is known as incentive zoning , with which building owners received special rights if they design part of their private property as publicly accessible space. In return, they have the right to exceed the maximum number of floors required by the building regulations by up to 20 percent. For every square foot of public space, the city may approve up to 10 square feet of additional floor space.

Between 1961 and 2000, 503 privately owned public spaces were built on or near 320 buildings in New York City, virtually all of which are in Downtown , Midtown, and the Upper East Side and Westside in the Manhattan borough . More rooms have been built since 2000, whereby Kayden criticized the poor quality of stay in these rooms in his work, and up to half of the rooms would not (no longer) meet the legal requirements. Most of the rooms do not come close to the model of the plaza on the Seagream building , which Mies van der Rohe created rather unconsciously .

Three years after New York, in 1964, the Tokyo city council introduced a similar incentive system for private builders. A total of 506 buildings with public spaces were built there between 1970 and 2001.

In addition to the relative definition in the US context, the term privately owned public spaces can also be applied to areas such as shopping malls, which are private but are (but do not have to be) publicly accessible.

bibliography

  • Ulrich Berding / Antje Haveman / Juliane Pegels / Bettina Perenthaler: Urban spaces in areas of tension. Squares, parks and promenades at the intersection of public and private activities . Dorothea Rohn Verlag, Aachen 2010, ISBN 3-939486-49-3 .
  • Christian Dimmer: Renegotiating Public Space. A Historical Critique of Modern Public Space in Metropolitan Japan and its Contemporary Revaluation . Dissertation at the University of Tokyo. Tokyo 2008.
  • Jerold S. Kayden / The New York City Department of City Planning / The Municipal Art Society of New York: Privately Owned Public Space: The New York Experience. Wiley, New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-471-36257-9 .
  • Juliane Pegels: Privately Owned Public Space. New York City's experience with publicly usable spaces that are privately owned . Dissertation at the Faculty of Architecture of the RWTH Aachen: I. Architecture and Planning, No. 1. Verlag Freund des Reiff, Aachen 2004, ISBN 3-936971-17-X .
  • Franz Pesch: Urban space today. Considerations on the situation of public space . In: Spatial Planning No. 136, February 2008, ISSN  0176-7534
  • Elke Schlack Fuhrmann: Urban planning law and public space. Comparative study of the urban development law of Santiago de Chile and Berlin: Influence on the quality of public space. Dissertation TU Berlin. Berlin 2008 ( available online )
  • Gregory Smithsimon: Dispersing the Crowd. Bonus Plazas and the Creation of Public Space. In: Urban Affairs Review, 1/2008
  • William H. Whyte: City - Rediscovering the Center . University of Pennsylvania Press, New York 1988, ISBN 978-0-8122-2074-2

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Juliane Pegels: Privately Influenced Public Spaces - The coproduction of urban spaces in Melbourne, New York City, Tokyo and Santiago de Chile . In: Federal Association for Housing and Urban Development (Ed.): Vhw FWS . tape 2 , March 2010 ( vhw.de [PDF]).