Āl Rasheed
The Āl Rashīd ( Arabic آل رشيد, DMG Āl Rašīd , family Raschīd ') were an Arab tribal dynasty that belonged to the ʿAbda clan of the Shammar and ruled over the northern and central parts of Arabia from 1835 to 1921. After fighting the Saud dynasty , their territory was annexed to the Saudi state in 1921.
history
In the 17th century, a larger part of the Shammar tribe left the region around Ha'il and settled in Iraq. The remaining Shammar, usually called Jebel Shammar , joined the teachings of the Wahhabis in the 18th century and probably came under the rule of the first Saudi state in 1780 at the latest . After it was smashed by the Ottomans in 1818 , power struggles broke out between the tribes.
In 1836 there was a revolt in Ha'il against Muhammad bin Ali, the local emir of the Ibn Ali family. ʿAbdullah bin Rashīd, leader of the revolt, was recognized by Faisal ibn Turki Al Saud (the ruler of the newly founded Saudi state) as the emir of Ha'il and thus established the Raschid dynasty. His younger brother Ubaidallah Al Rashīd was his commander of the cavalry and killed Isa bin Ubaidallah al-Ali, who only sat on the throne for a few days. Although Abdullah bin Rashīd was a vassal of the Saudis, they had no real control over the Shammar - their empire ended de facto southeast of it. In 1843 the Raschids supported Faisal Al Saud in the fight for rule over the Najd against its rivals from their own Saudi clan.
ʿAbdullah bin Rashīd died in 1848, his son Talal bin Abdallah succeeded him as emir. During Talal's twenty-year rule, the Rashid Empire was established, which was also known as the Emirate of the Jebel Shammar . Talal is known for his liberal attitude. According to William Gifford Palgrave , he offered political opponents of the Wahhabis asylum and tolerated foreigners and Shiites in his empire. In the 1860s a civil war broke out between Faisal's sons in the Saudi empire, which the Raschids knew how to use: in 1865 they occupied Riyadh , capital of the Saudis, for the first time. However, Talal died in 1868 in a firearms incident described by Charles Doughty as a suicide. His younger brother Mitab bin Abdallah then ascended the throne, but after a year and a half, his 21-year-old nephew Bandar bin Talal stabbed him to death.
In order to stop the growing anarchy, his childless uncle murdered him, because only Muhammad ibn Raschid ( 1869 - 1897 ) was able to end the dynastic conflicts and pacify the Shammar Empire. He was a devious and successful ruler who, in 1871, became a vassal to the Caliph of the Muslims and Sultan of the Ottoman Empire , Abdülaziz (1861–1876), in order to obtain new weapons and support funds. Under him, the Shammar were able to gain supremacy in central Arabia and with the occupation of Riyadh in 1884 (according to other sources in 1887), the Saudi empire in Najd was largely destroyed. In 1891 the areas were attached to the Emirate of Jebel Shammar.
Muhammad died of natural causes in 1897, followed by the nephew Abd al-Aziz ibn Mutib, who was raised to be his heir. His rule was marked by the restoration of Al-Saud from 1902 by Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud . After the Saudis' rapid initial successes in their home countries, there were several battles over the province of al-Qasim between 1903 and 1906 . The Shammar received military aid from eight Ottoman battalions. On April 12, 1906, the Battle of Rawdat Muhanna took place, in which Abd al-Aziz fell and the region came under Saudi rule. According to Saudi legend, Abd al-Aziz bin Mitab and a small entourage are said to have come to the wrong front at dawn before the upcoming battle and started to encourage the fighters to fight the Saudis. They recognized his mistake and felled him, whereupon the Shammar withdrew headless.
As with many Arab dynasties, the Raschids also lacked a generally accepted rule of succession to the throne. This recurring problem usually centered around the question of whether the succession to the throne should be horizontal (brother follows brother) or vertical (son follows father). The time after Abd al-Aziz's death was marked by constant bloody power struggles.
His son Mitab bin Abd al-Aziz was murdered after only 7 months by two grandchildren of Ubaidallah bin Ali. After 14 months on the throne, Emir Sultan bin Hamud ar-Raschid fell out with his brother, Saud bin Hamud ar-Raschid, who killed him. After 8 months he had to leave the capital Hail (Ha'il (حائل)) in the oasis area of al-Jauf to avoid an attack. He was killed there a few months later.
Now the other branch of the ar-Raschid family came back to power. In order to limit the perpetual fighting, Saud bin Abd al-Aziz, who was only 11 years old, was proclaimed an emir. In reality, his mother's brothers, who came from the notable family of as-Subhan, ruled the reign from 1908–1916, killing 2 of them.
In addition to the fact that the Shammar empire was constantly besieged by the Saudis, there was the fact that the Ottoman protective power went under in World War I. In 1918, the Ottoman Empire was forced to withdraw from Arabia, as a result of which the Shammar rulers lost the urgently needed deliveries of money and arms from Istanbul and Baghdad. The King of the Hejaz , Sharif Husain bin Ali al-Aun (1916–1924) from the house of the Hashimites , had other conflicts to deal with, so they no longer received any help from Mecca.
After several years of fighting, the Ibn Rashid had to finally submit to the Saudis in 1921 . Before that, Emir Abdallah bin Mitab had to surrender to the Saudi troops in August 1921 and he and his family were taken into honorable captivity in Riyadh, the capital of the Saudis. Thereafter, Emir Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud raised his empire to the "Sultanate of Najd and its dependent territories". In November 1921, the last Emir of the Shammar, Muhammad bin Talal, a great-nephew of Talal bin Abdallah, ended. He gave up the hopeless fight and surrendered, so he too was captured.
List of Rashīdī emirs
- 1819–1823: Muhammad bin Abd al-Muhsin al-Ali
- 1823–1827: Isa bin Salih al-Ali
- 1827–1834: Salih bin Isa al-Ali
- 1834–1836: Abdallah bin Ali bin Raschid († 1847)
- 1834–1838: Salih bin Isa al-Ali
- 1838: Isa bin Ubaidallah al-Ali
- 1838–1847: Abdallah bin Ali bin Raschid
- 1847–1867: Talal bin Abdallah ar-Raschid
- 1867–1868: Mitab bin Abdallah ar-Raschid
- 1868–1869: Bandar bin Talal ar-Raschid
- 1869–1897: Muhammad bin Abdallah ar-Raschid
- 1897–1906: Abd al-Aziz bin Mitab ar-Raschid
- 1906: Mitab bin Abd al-Aziz ar-Raschid
- 1906–1908: Sultan bin Hamud bin Ubaidallah ar-Raschid
- 1908: Saud bin Hamud bin Ubaidallah ar-Raschid
- 1908–1919: Saud bin Abd al-Aziz ar-Raschid
- 1919–1921: Abdallah bin Mitab ar-Raschid († 1947)
- 1921: Muhammad bin Talal ar-Raschid († 1954)
literature
- Elizabeth Sirriyeh: Ra sh īd, Āl "in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Vol. VIII, pp. 438b-439a.
- M. Al Rasheed: Politics in an Arabian Oasis, the Rashidi tribal dynasty . London 1997.
Individual evidence
- ^ William Gifford Palgrave: Personal Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862-1863) . tape 1 . Macmillan & Co., London 1865, p. 129-130 ( google.com ).
- ^ Charles Doughty: Travels in Arabia Deserta . Cambridge 1888.