Aari (language)
Aari | ||
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Spoken in |
Ethiopia | |
speaker | 150,000 | |
Linguistic classification |
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Official status | ||
Official language in | - | |
Language codes | ||
ISO 639 -1 |
- |
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ISO 639-3 |
aiw |
Aari (also Ari , self-designation afa-n ari ) is the language of the Aari people in southern Ethiopia .
It is assigned to the southern branch of the omotic languages , one of the six main branches of the Afro-Asian languages . According to Ethnologue (see web link) it has around 110,000 speakers.
Phonology
In terms of phonology , the implosives ɓ, ɗ and the ʱ, which is unique in Omotic, stand out. The aari is a tonal language in which every word has exactly one syllable with a high tone . This is lexical for nouns and grammatical for verbs.
morphology
Pronouns
According to the syntactic function, different series of personal pronouns can be distinguished. Nominative pronouns come in short, dependent and long, independent forms; Possessive pronouns also have long and short forms; In contrast to the short, the long ones are obligatory. Accusative forms are formed by attaching -m / -n to the dependent pronouns. According to Hayward 1990 (quoted from Bender 2002) the personal pronouns have the following forms:
independently | dependent | accusative | Genitive (long) | Genitive (short) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sg. | ʔitá | ʔí | ʔím | ʔíst (e) | ʔí |
2nd Sg. | ʱaaná | ʱáa | ʱáam | ʱáant (e) | ʱáa |
3rd Sg. M. | nʱó (o) | kí | kím | habit) | kí |
3rd Sg. F. | nʱáa | kó | kóm | kót (te) | |
1st pl. | wʱootá | wʱó (o) | wʱó (o) m | wʱó (o) nt (e) | wʱó (o) |
2nd pl. | yetá | yé | yém | yént (e) | yé |
3rd pl. | ketá | ké | kém | Chain) | ké |
Nouns
Nouns distinguish the following categories in Ari:
- Definiteness : definitely, indefinitely
- Case : nominative, accusative, genitive
- Number : singular (singular), collective (plural)
- Gender : masculine, feminine
Indefinite nouns are unmarked for all categories except the genitive with -ta / -te:
- fatír "corn"
- tiilé "a water jug"
- ʔéed-te man + genitive "of a man"
Definitive nouns form an accusative on -m, a genitive on -ta / -te or -∅ and a vocative on -o. The unmarked nominative is used as a subject, as a dative and before post positions. The collective is not marked, the singular not formed by all nouns has the suffix -s- in the masculine and -ta- in the feminine. The definiteness is marked with - (i) n (a / e) -. These suffixes follow the stem in the following order:
- Gender + number
- Definiteness
- case
Examples:
- fatir-ín maize + ∅ + definitely + ∅ "the maize" (collective, nominative)
- fatir-in-ám Mais + ∅ + definit + accusative "den Mais" (collective, accusative)
- baac-itá-n hen + feminine singulative + definitely "the hen" (singular, nominative)
- baac-ita-ná-m Henne + Feminine Singulative + Definitive + Accusative "die Henne" (Singulative, Accusative)
- tiile-s-ín water jug + masculine singulative + definitely + ∅ "the water jug" (singular, nominative)
- tiile-ná-m Wasserkrug + ∅ + definit + accusative "die Wasserkrugt" (collective, accusative)
- et-s-in-o man + masculine singulative + definitive + vocative "O, Mann!" (singulative, vocative)
- et-s-ina man + masculine singulative + definitely "dem Mann" (singulative, nominative)
Verbs
Primary verbal roots are mostly monosyllabic, the inflection is mainly done by suffixes. Reduplicated verbal roots are used in the past tense: miks- “begging” 3. P. Sg. Míksmiks-da, mímiksda. The personal endings are in most forms (Hayward 1990, quoted from Bender 2000):
Singular | Plural | ||||
1. | 2. | 3. | 1. | 2. | 3. |
it | ay | e, a, i, ∅ | ʱo (o) t | et | ek |
The following tenses are conjugated with them:
designation | marker | example |
---|---|---|
Perfect 1 | -s (eq) - | báʔ-s (eq) -e "he / she brought" |
Perfect 2 | -t- | báʔ-ta "he / she brought" |
negative perfect | -k- | báʔ-k-ít (e) "I did not bring" |
Past tense | -d- | bá (ʔ) baʔ-d-et "you bring" |
negative past tense | -y- | baʔá-y-ek "they don't bring" |
By combining aaq with different tenses, further tense forms can be formed, for example a habitative or durative perfect: bábaʔ-d-it-aaq "I usually brought". The imperative has the endings singular -ka , plural -ket , negated ʱáay . The jussive is marked with -en in all persons: ʔí báʔ-en "let me bring you".
The future tense and at least one converb have a different inflection:
designation | Person marker | example | |||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||
1. | 2. | 3. | 1. | 2. | 3. | ||
Future tense | -t-he | -t-ay | -t-he | -t-ʱo (o) t | -t-he | -t-he | báʔ-t-ay "you will bring" |
Converb | -ito | -ayo | -iyo, -itso | -ʱo (o) to | -eta | -eka | ʔíts-eta "while you eat" |
In addition, various subordinate clause conjugations can be derived, including a relative conjugation with -inda, e.g. B. Perfect 1 šed-seqe-índa (a) . In decision-making questions , the verb -o is suffused with : báʔ-t-ek-o “did they bring ?”. Infinitives are formed with the suffix -inti: díib-inti daqalí-ye "Stealing is bad.". A few other types of deverbal nouns can also be derived with suffixes: zitsʾ "close" - zitsʾ-i "door", təc "cut" - təc-mi "knife". Causative verbs are derived with -is, -sis: wur "hear" - wur-sis "let hear"; -er / -ar and -im mark passive verbs: diib “ stolen ” - diib-er “to be stolen”, dəys “to kill” - dəys-im “to be killed”.
syntax
The copula has the allomorphs -∅, -ye, -e:
- kooné yʱints-í- ye "this is a child"
- kooné yʱints-i "this is a child"
- ʔí-baab- e "he is my father"
The following is used to negate the copula:
- ʔitá galtá dak -kít- e "I'm not an old man"
literature
- Lionel Bender : Comparative morphology of the Omotic languages (LINCOM studies in African linguistics) . LINCOM Europa 2000, ISBN 3-89586-251-7 (on Aari: pp. 159-178)
- Richard Hayward: Notes on the Aari Language. In: Richard Hayward (Ed.): Omotic Language Studies. University of London, London 1990, pp. 425-493.
Web links
- Ethnologue
- Aari in the World Atlas of Language Structures Online (English)