Afroinsectiphilia
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Short-eared elephant ( Macroscelides proboscideus ); Together with the tenre karts and the aardvark , the elephants form the Afroinsectiphilia |
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| Afroinsectiphilia | ||||||||||||
| Waddell , Kishino & Ota , 2001 |
The Afroinsectiphilia are a systematic taxon within the parentage of the Afrotheria , which in turn belong to the four main lines within the higher mammals . They are made up of the elephants (Macroscelidea), the tenre-kitties (Afrosoricida) and the aardvark (Tubulidentata) and represent the sister group of the Paenungulata within the Afrotheria . The composition of the Afroinsectiphilia is based on molecular genetic results, less on anatomical or morphological similarities. The group is very diverse and consists mostly of small to medium-sized animals, which are adapted to a burrowing or partly water-dwelling way of life. The taxon was introduced in 2001 by Peter J. Waddell and fellow researchers. The name refers to the predominantly African distribution of the individual groups and their preference for food containing insects ( Latin insectum for "insect" or "insect", derived from insecare for "cut in", and Greek ϕίλος ( philos ) for "friend").
The current members of Afroinsectiphilia were originally assigned to other large groups within mammals . The tenrek-kartigen (at that time still separated into the tenreks and golden mulle ) stood within the insectivores in their more original definition (lipotyphla). In an even older view (Insectivora), the elephants were also considered to belong to them, but were then mostly run independently or grouped with the rodents (Glires). The aardvark, on the other hand, initially found its place in the group of the toothless (Edentata), which is diverse and not uniform from today's point of view, later it was viewed as independent with not exactly known relationships. Already in the course of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, analyzes of structural proteins revealed a closer relationship between the aardvark and the elephant-elephant with the proboscidea and the manatee (Sirenia). Later molecular genetic studies not only confirmed this, but also led to a reorganization of the higher systematics of the higher mammals. In 1998, for example, the inconsistency of the insectivores of that time was recognized, as the tenreks and golden mulle were also more closely associated with originally African animals than with the actual insectivores. On this occasion, Michael J. Stanhope and fellow researchers united the two morphologically quite different families in the same year to form the order of Afrosoricida. Only three years later, after further genetic studies, this led to the list of Afroinsectiphilia by Waddell and colleagues.
The group of Afroinsectiphilia is composed as follows:
- Afroinsectiphilia Waddell, Kishino & Ota , 2001
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- Order tubular teeth (Tubulidentata Huxley , 1872)
- Afroinsectivora Waddell, Kishino & Ota , 2001
- Order elephant (Macroscelidea Butler , 1956)
- Order Tenrekiformes (Afrosoricida Stanhope, Waddell, Madsen, de Jong, Hedges, Cleven, Kao & Springer , 1998)
According to analyzes by Waddell and fellow researchers in 2001, the Afrosoricida and the elephant form a common clade, which they called Afroinsectivora (African insectivore), while the aardvark stands a little further out. The results could later be reproduced, for example by Matjaž Kuntner and research colleagues in 2011. According to these studies, the relationship between Afroinsectiphilia is illustrated by the following cladogram:
| Afrotheria |
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The exact relationship between the individual groups in terms of content is currently not uniform, depending on the investigation, as the aardvark is more closely related to the tenre-kitties in some molecular genetic analyzes, for example in the team led by Hidenori Nishihara , which presented its analyzes in 2005. In addition, there are other studies that do not support the taxon Afroinsectiphilia, for example by Eric R. Seiffert 2007 and Michael Buckley 2013. In both cases, the aardvark is connected to the Paenungulata - a constellation known as Pseudoungulata - while the elephants and the tenre-kitties form the Afroinsectivora:
| Afrotheria |
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The ancestors of today's Afroinsectiphilia lived more than 75 million years ago during the Upper Cretaceous , but the first fossil finds are much more recent. For example, the elephants first appeared in Africa during the Lower Eocene around 50 million years ago in the northern part of the continent; the Tenre-maples are only a little younger after discoveries in 2015, but have their first appearance in the southern part of Africa. The aardvark, on the other hand, was only found in fossil records in the Miocene .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Peter J. Waddell, Hirohisa Kishino and Rissa Ota: A Phylogenetic Foundation for Comparative Mammalian Genomics. Genome Informatics 12, 2001, pp. 141-154
- ↑ a b c d Erik R Seiffert: Cohort Afroinsectiphilia. In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina (eds.): Mammals of Africa Volume I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, p. 213
- ↑ Wilfried W. de Jong, Anneke Zweers and Morris Goodman: Relationship of aardvark to elephants, hyraxes and sea cows from α-crystallin sequences. Nature 292, 1981, pp. 538-540
- ↑ Wilfried de Jong, JAM Leunissen and GJ Wistow: Eye lens crystallins and the phylogeny of placental orders: Evidence for a Macroscelid-Paenungulate clade? In: Frederick S. Szalay, Michael J. Novacek and Malcolm C. McKenna (Eds.): Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. Springer, 1993, pp. 5-12
- ↑ Malcolm C. McKenna: The alpha crystallin A chain of the eye lens and mammalian phylogeny. Annales Zoologice Fennici 28, 1992, pp. 349-360
- ↑ Michael J. Stanhope, Victor G. Waddell, Ole Madsen, Wilfried de Jong, S. Blair Hedges, Gregory C. Cleven, Diana Kao and Mark S. Springer: Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals. PNAS 95, 1998, pp. 9967-9972
- ^ Matjaž Kuntner, Laura J. May-Collado and Ingi Agnarsson: Phylogeny and conservation priorities of afrotherian mammals (Afrotheria, Mammalia). Zoologica Scripta 40 (1), 2011, pp. 1-15
- ↑ Hidenori Nishihara, Yoko Satta, Masato Nikaido, JGM Thewissen, Michael J. Stanhope and Norihiro Okada: A Retroposon Analysis of Afrotherian Phylogeny. Molecular Biolog and Evolution 22 (9), 2005, pp. 1823-1833
- ↑ Erik R Seiffert: A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7, 2007, p. 224 doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-7-224
- ↑ Michael Buckley: A Molecular Phylogeny ofPlesiorycteropus Reassigns the Extinct Mammalian Order 'Bibymalagasia'. PlosOne 8 (3), 2013, p. E59614 doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059614
- Jump up ↑ Robert W. Meredith, Jan E. Janečka, John Gatesy, Oliver A. Ryder, Colleen A. Fisher, Emma C. Teeling, Alisha Goodbla, Eduardo Eizirik, Taiz LL Simão, Tanja Stadler, Daniel L. Rabosky, Rodney L. Honeycutt, John J. Flynn, Colleen M. Ingram, Cynthia Steiner, Tiffani L. Williams, Terence J. Robinson, Angela Burk-Herrick, Michael Westerman, Nadia A. Ayoub, Mark S. Springer, and William J. Murphy: Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg Extinction on Mammal Diversification. Science 334, 2011, pp. 521-524
- ↑ Rodolphe Tabuce, Robert J. Asher and Thomas Lehmann: Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data. Mammalia 72, 2008, pp. 2-14
- ↑ Martin Pickford: Chrysochloridae (Mammalia) from the Lutetian (Middle Eocene) of Black Crow, Namibia. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia 16, 2015, pp. 105–113