Akashiwo sanguinea

Akashiwo sanguinea
	Akashiwo sanguinea
Systematics
without rank:	Sar
without rank:	Alveolata
without rank:	Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
without rank:	Gymnodiniphycidae
Genre :	Akashiwo
Type :	Akashiwo sanguinea
Scientific name
	Akashiwo sanguinea
	( K. Hirasaka ) Gert Hansen & Moestrup

Akashiwo sanguinea ( synonym : Gymnodinium sanguineum ) is a marine dinoflagellate that regularlycauses algal blooms . It is unarmoured (athecat), so the alveoli are notreinforcedwith cellulose . The multiplication takes place through cell division.

A. sanguinea prey on various organisms, although it has chloroplasts , and is therefore considered mixotrophic . For example, A. sanguinea eats cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus .

features

A. sanguinea cells are flattened dorsoventrally, approximately pentagonal and 40–75 µm in size. The thecal plates, which are often used for identification in thecalated species, are missing. A. sanguinea is comparatively large, swims slowly and is easy to spot. As with all typical dinoflagellates, a scourge strikes in the equatorial groove, the cingulum. A second scourge strikes at right angles along the sulcus and extends beyond the cell to move the scourge through the water. The species lacks a nuclear membrane and, together with rDNA sequencing, these features gave rise to the creation of the new genus Akashiwo .

etymology

The generic name Akashiwo comes from Japanese 赤潮 " red tide " (in modern Japanese akashio ).

Behavior and physiology

A. sanguinea undergoes a daily vertical migration in which the cells swim upwards towards the sun before sunrise and actively swim back down in the evening. This behavior is an example for chronobiology . It could be shown in experiments that this behavior cannot be explained simply by phototaxis. Under certain conditions A. sanguinea can form a measurable chlorophyll maximum in deeper water layers. Observations off the coast of southern California have shown that A. sanguinea forms such deep pools when the nutrient nitrate is not available. These deep accumulations are important for the growth of anchovy larvae , which prefer to eat A. sanguinea .

Algal blooms

Akashiwo sanguinea is associated with harmful algal blooms (red tides) and is still the subject of research. A poison has not yet been identified, but the species has been linked to poisoning. A. sanguinea can produce mycosporin- like amino acids which, as a water-soluble, surface-active substance ( surfactant ), reduce the surface tension of the water. A sanguinea algal bloom occurred simultaneously with a mass extinction of 14 bird species in November – December 2007 in Monterey Bay, California . The affected birds had protein-like accumulations in their plumage, causing the feathers to lose their water-repellent protection.

Single receipts

↑ Carol M. Lalli & Timothy R. Parsons: Biological Oceanography: an Introduction , 2nd. Edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993, ISBN 0-7506-3384-0 , pp. 42-45.
↑ KR Bockstahler & DW Coats: Grazing of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay . In: Marine Biology . 116, No. 3, 1993, pp. 477-487. doi : 10.1007 / BF00350065 .
↑ Hae Jin Jeong, Jae Yeon Park, Jae Hoon Nho, Myung Ok Park, Jeong Hyun Ha, Kyeong Ah Seong, Chang Jeng, Chi Nam Seong, Kwang Ya Lee & Won Ho Yih: Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus . In: Aquatic Microbial Ecology . 41, No. 2, 2005, pp. 131-143. doi : 10.3354 / ame041131 .
^ Charles B. Miller: Biological Oceanography . Blackwell, 2004, ISBN 0-632-05536-7 , pp. 26-32.
↑ ^a ^b N. Daugbjerg, G. Hansen, J. Larsen & Ø. Moestrup: Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on infrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmored dinoflagellates . ( PDF ) In: Phycologia . 39, No. 4, 2000, pp. 302-317.
↑ JJ Cullen & SG Horrigan: Effects of nitrate on the diurnal vertical migration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the photosynthetic capacity of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens . In: Marine Biology . 62, No. 2-3, 1981, pp. 81-89. doi : 10.1007 / BF00388169 .
^ ^A ^b F. MH Reid, E. Stewart, RW Eppley & D. Goodman: Spatial distribution of phytoplankton species in chlorophyll maximum layers off Southern California . In: Limnology and Oceanography . 23, No. 2, 1978, pp. 219-226.
↑ Cardwell, RD, Olsen, S., Carr, MI & Sanborn, EW (1979). Causes of oyster mortality in South Puget Sound. NOAA Tech. Mem. ERL MESA-39.
↑ David A. Jessup, Melissa A. Miller, John P. Ryan, Hannah M. Nevins, Heather A. Kerkering, Abdou Mekebri, David B. Crane, Tyler A. Johnson & Raphael M. Kudela: Mass stranding of marine birds caused by a surfactant-producing red tide . In: PLoS ONE . 4, No. 2, 2009, p. E4550. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0004550 . PMID 19234604 . PMC 2641015 (free full text).

[1] Carol M. Lalli & Timothy R. Parsons: Biological Oceanography: an Introduction , 2nd. Edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993, ISBN 0-7506-3384-0 , pp. 42-45.

[2] KR Bockstahler & DW Coats: Grazing of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay . In: Marine Biology . 116, No. 3, 1993, pp. 477-487. doi : 10.1007 / BF00350065 .

[3] Hae Jin Jeong, Jae Yeon Park, Jae Hoon Nho, Myung Ok Park, Jeong Hyun Ha, Kyeong Ah Seong, Chang Jeng, Chi Nam Seong, Kwang Ya Lee & Won Ho Yih: Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus . In: Aquatic Microbial Ecology . 41, No. 2, 2005, pp. 131-143. doi : 10.3354 / ame041131 .

[Miller-4] Charles B. Miller: Biological Oceanography . Blackwell, 2004, ISBN 0-632-05536-7 , pp. 26-32.

[Daugbjerg-5] N. Daugbjerg, G. Hansen, J. Larsen & Ø. Moestrup: Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on infrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmored dinoflagellates . ( PDF ) In: Phycologia . 39, No. 4, 2000, pp. 302-317.

[Cullen-6] JJ Cullen & SG Horrigan: Effects of nitrate on the diurnal vertical migration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the photosynthetic capacity of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens . In: Marine Biology . 62, No. 2-3, 1981, pp. 81-89. doi : 10.1007 / BF00388169 .

[Reid_et_al.-7] A ^b F. MH Reid, E. Stewart, RW Eppley & D. Goodman: Spatial distribution of phytoplankton species in chlorophyll maximum layers off Southern California . In: Limnology and Oceanography . 23, No. 2, 1978, pp. 219-226.

[8] Cardwell, RD, Olsen, S., Carr, MI & Sanborn, EW (1979). Causes of oyster mortality in South Puget Sound. NOAA Tech. Mem. ERL MESA-39.

[Jessup-9] David A. Jessup, Melissa A. Miller, John P. Ryan, Hannah M. Nevins, Heather A. Kerkering, Abdou Mekebri, David B. Crane, Tyler A. Johnson & Raphael M. Kudela: Mass stranding of marine birds caused by a surfactant-producing red tide . In: PLoS ONE . 4, No. 2, 2009, p. E4550. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0004550 . PMID 19234604 . PMC 2641015 (free full text).