General German teachers' association
The General German Teachers ' Association (ADLV) was an educational umbrella organization founded in 1890 in which associations that already existed at the regional level, such as the Berlin Teachers ' Association founded in 1869 , merged. The association was founded by women's rights activists Helene Lange , Marie Loeper-Housselle and Auguste Schmidt . Lange became the first chairman of the association.
history
The establishment was also a reaction to the conservative attitude of the German Association for Higher Girls' Schools . In 1888, this confirmed the secondary position of female teachers in the training of girls.
The association quickly gained members after its establishment. This was helped by the fact that other associations joined it, such as the Association of German Teachers in England or the South German Teachers' Associations.
In contrast to comparable associations for male educators, the ADLV comprised female educators from all schools. Members were predominantly Protestant liberal teachers. But men were also allowed. In 1907 the ADLV had around 22,000 members, in 1927 there were 37,000.
organization
Sections were soon created in the ADLV in order to enable a diversification of content and to protect the interests of the individual pedagogical disciplines. There were sections for musical and technical subjects, for the various types of school and for academically trained teachers. Initially, the main focus of the association was on the interests of the teachers of higher girls’s schools, but the new Association of German Elementary School Teachers was founded in 1907 from the section for female elementary school teachers that had existed since 1905 .
After more than thirty years (1890 to 1921) Helene Lange handed over the first chairmanship to Emmy Beckmann , senior teacher from Hamburg. Since more and more groups had formed with their own interests, a reform was necessary in 1921. The existing 164 branch associations were merged into regional associations, and the sections were replaced by largely autonomous professional associations. In 1926 the Reich Association of German Elementary School Teachers was the strongest branch of the ADLV with 12,000 members. This association was temporarily headed by Anny von Kulesza from Berlin .
With the seizure by the Nazis in 1933, the independent history ended by the General German teachers association, it fell like all former professional associations of liberal expression of so-called Gleichschaltung victim. However, the ADLV refused to join the National Socialist Teachers' Association and resolved to dissolve itself in protest at the 22nd annual general meeting in Erfurt on May 7, 1933.
Interests and goals
At the end of May 1926 a paper was drawn up at the entire board meeting in Hamburg.
The premise for the German school structure was: "Elementary and vocational schools, middle and high schools are equivalent forms of school that are linked to form a unit through the same educational material (Das Deutsche Kulturgut) and the same educational goal (education for German people)."
The elementary school should make the German cultural property the common good, whereby the shorter school time requires a focus on the "practical-active" working life. Transitions to higher school forms should be easy to manage. The four-year elementary school with smaller than the given class size was required as the substructure of the elementary school. In addition, advanced schools should be promoted and provided with dormitories.
The vocational school continues elementary school education, but is more focused on the job of the pupil. Housekeeping is to be equated with a job. The goal is the "greatest possible performance in working life". Also "civic sentiments and insight and deepened humanity should be cultivated".
The middle school should be practically oriented according to the different talents of the pupils and expectations of the economy, without penetrating "into the field of vocational and technical education". "The external goal of the middle school is the 'middle school leaving certificate', which entitles the holder to enter the middle technical schools as well as those upper professions that do not require a university entrance qualification."
The higher school offers two options: the six-year and the nine-year school period. The latter leads to the university, which in turn should draw on "the intellectual leadership class" on a scientific basis.
After all, the Lyceum or Higher Girls' School is a “full establishment” and “must therefore be differentiated from the middle school in terms of its working method, choice of materials and its teaching staff”.
It was repeatedly and emphatically urged that women should be open to all institutes for teacher training. Women should also be employed there as lecturers. This is particularly important because the higher schools for girls must be compared to the higher schools for boys on an equal footing, which requires academically trained teachers.
organ
The ADLV published the magazine Die Lehrerin as an organ , and since 1924 ADLV - German Teachers ' Newspaper with insert sheets for the various specialist sections. Its predecessor until 1910 was the magazine The Teacher in School and Home , which had been published since 1884 and was founded by the women's rights activist Marie Loeper-Housselle . The main focus of the issue of April 1, 1919 was among other things educational reforms of religious education, job advertisements and the demand: equal pay for equal performance .
literature
- Elisabeth Meyn-von Westenholz, The General German Teachers 'Association in the History of German Girls' Education , Berlin 1936.
- Ilse Gahlings, Die Volksschullehrer and their professional associations. A contribution to the sociology of associations and the sociology of teachers, Neuwied 1967
- Rainer Bölling, elementary school teacher and politics. The German Teachers' Association 1918-1933. ( Critical Studies in History , Volume 32), Göttingen 1978, ISBN 3-525-35986-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Angelika Schaser: Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer. A political community . Böhlau, Cologne 2010, p. 67.
- ↑ At least that's how Helene Lange describes it : Life memories . Herbig, Berlin 1925, chap. 17, gutenberg.spiegel.de
- ↑ Helene Lange: Memoirs . Herbig, Berlin 1925, chap. 17, projekt-gutenberg.org
- ↑ Angelika Schaser: Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer. A political community . Böhlau, Cologne 2010, p. 70.
- ↑ However, this was a low level of organization, because after 1918 more and more female elementary school teachers joined the German teachers' association, which was now also open to women .
- ^ Rainer Bölling: Elementary school teachers and politics. The German Teachers' Association 1918–1933 (Critical Studies in History 32), Göttingen 1978, p. 38 ff.
- ↑ Uwe Schmidt: Teachers in lockstep. The National Socialist Teachers' Association Hamburg . Hamburg University Press, Hamburg 2006, p. 42; uni-hamburg.de (PDF)
- ↑ General German Teachers' Association . In: Dresdner Anzeiger . 196th year, no. 248 , May 30, 1926, ZDB -ID 505273-7 , p. 3 .
- ^ Internet site of the library for research on the history of education, accessed on September 24, 2012.