Apabhramsha

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Apabhramsa ( Sanskrit अपभ्रंश apabhraṃśa "corrupted language") is a generic term for those Indo-Aryan languages that lie between the Prakrits and the New Indo-Aryan languages in their linguistic development . They were spoken around the second half of the 1st millennium.

The Apabhramsa languages ​​represent a transitional form between the Central and New Indo Aryan languages. They have almost completely lost the old inflected system and have already begun to develop new analytical means of expression for grammatical relationships. The most important Apabhramsa language is the Nagara-Apabhramsa spoken in Gujarat . As a literary language, the Apabhramsa was widespread throughout India and partly reflects local dialect peculiarities. The grammarian Hemacandra described the Apabhramsa forms of Gujarat and Rajasthan in the 11th - 12th centuries .

The main Apabhramsa languages ​​are:

  • Nagara-Apabhramsa (in Gujarat )
  • Saurasena-Apabhramsa (precursor of modern Hindi )
  • Takka- and Upanagara -Apabhramsa (precursor of the modern Punjabi )
  • Avantya-Apabhramsa (precursor of modern Rajasthani )
  • Gaurjara-Apabhramsa (precursor of modern Gujarati )
  • Ardhamagadha-Apabhramsa (precursor of modern East Hindi )
  • Magadha-Apabhramsa (precursor of modern Bihari )
  • Prachya or Gauda Apabhramsa (precursors of modern Bengali and Asamiya )
  • Audra- or Autkala-Apabhramsa (precursor of the modern Oriya )
  • Viadarbha or Dakshinatya Apabhramsa (forerunner of modern Marathi )

literature

  • Georgij A. Zograph: The languages ​​of South Asia. Translated by Erika Klemm. VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig 1982. P. 19 f.