Aphrophora

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Aphrophora
Alpine foam cicada (Aphrophora major)

Alpine foam cicada ( Aphrophora major )

Systematics
Order : Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera)
Subordination : Cicadas (Auchenorrhyncha)
Partial order : Risso cicadas (Cicadomorpha)
Superfamily : Cercopoidea
Family : Foam leaf hoppers (Aphrophoridae)
Genre : Aphrophora
Scientific name
Aphrophora
Germar , 1821

Aphrophora is a genus of the foam leafhoppers with Holarctic distribution. Six species of the genus live in Europe, one of which is extremely rare in eastern Poland, the others also in Germany. The genus includes more than 70 species, some of which are taxonomically unclear ( noun dubium ). Some species are considered forest pests .

features

They are compact cicadas with a moderately elongated, rhombic to oval body shape with a body length between 7 and 15 millimeters when viewed from above. The species are inconspicuously brown in color, often with light and dark spots. The head, which is triangular when viewed from above, has a longitudinal keel in the middle, which in many species continues on the pronotum . The head, pronotum and the rough leathery-looking fore wings are dotted. The head and pronotum, partly also the forewings, are densely hairy. The frontoclypeus , the large sclerites, which make up the largest part of the front of the head, are elongated and noticeably more or less protruding, behind them is the suction pump ( cibarial pump ) with which the animal sucks plant sap ( xylem ). The proboscis itself is of moderate length, it reaches the rear hips when put back, it is longer than in most related genera. The pronotum is wider than it is long, it is slightly indented at the back.

The species of the genus are often very similar to each other and can only be differentiated according to the shape of the male reproductive organs.

Biology and way of life

Aphrophora cribrata , foam nest of a nymph on a pine tree

Imagines of the Aphorophora species suckle on different tree or shrub species, depending on the species they are polyphagous with a broad host range or monophagous on a single species or genus. The species belong to the foam cicadas, in which the juvenile stages (nymphs) live encased in foam nests, which they themselves create by blowing air into a secretion that has been released. The nymphs live on the same food plants as the adults, or they use other, often herbaceous species. In some American species, the nymphs suckle on creeping shoots or roots underground.

distribution

Aphrophora species are known in the Old World mainly from East Asia and Europe (West Palearctic), there is little evidence from the regions in between, but this may also be due to poor faunistic research. Numerous other species live in North America, including some that were introduced from the Old World. In Japan live 13 species of the genus, to Taiwan 15th in Canada live 12 species. Few species have also been reported from South America; these are dubious species, some of which have not been found since their description. At least partially, and possibly completely, they belong to other genera.

Taxonomy

Type species of the genus is Cercopis alni Fallén , 1806, today Aphrophora alni , by subsequent decision of the ICZN . The genus is well researched in Europe, Japan and North America, but very poorly edited in the rest of the world, and a worldwide revision of the genus is urgently needed. It includes numerous "dubious" species ( noun dubium ), which are probably synonyms of other species. The species Aphrophora willemsi described from Belgium was recently synonymous with Aphrophora salicina . Other species, including several described by the Italian researcher Valerio Capanni, have never been found since his description. In the revision of the Japanese fauna, Tadashi Komatsu synonymized 31 of the 44 previously described species. The actual number of species in the genus is therefore unclear.

Six species have been identified in the European fauna (German names after Biedermann & Niedringhaus):

Economic importance

The American species Aphrophora saratogensis and Aphrophora cribrata (syn. Aphrophora parallela ) are considered to be forest pests on pine species ( Pinus ). Aphrophora cribrata was introduced into other regions from here. The European Aphrophora alni and Aphrophora salicina are considered, less significant, pests on softwood, in ornamental and house gardens and short rotation plantations .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Genus Aphrophora, in Soulier-Perkins, A. (2016) COOL - Cercopoidea Organized On Line, accessed August 12, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b c Tadashi Komatsu (1997): A Revision of the Froghopper Genus Aphrophora Germar. (Homoptera, Cearcopoidea, Aphrophoridae) from Japan, Part 1. Japanese Journal of Entomology 65 (1), 81-96.
  3. ^ A b Andrew Hamilton: The Spittlebuqs of Canada (Homoptera, Cercopidae). The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 10. Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Publication 1740. Ottawa 1982.
  4. ↑ Hsien-Tzung Shih & Jeng-Tze Yang (2002): Checklist of Aphrophoridae (Homoptera: Cercopoidea) from Taiwan. Formosan Entomologist 22: 193-214.
  5. ^ Claudio Gay: Historia fisica y politica de Chile (Editor General: Rafael Sagredo Baeza). Zoologia VII. Biblioteca Fundamentos de la Construcción de Chile, 2010. ISBN 978-956-8306-58-8
  6. ↑ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinion 590 Aphrophora Germar, 1821 (Insecta, Hemiptera): designation under the Plenary Powers of a type-species in harmony with accustomed usage. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 18: 109-111.
  7. ↑ Ai-Ping Liang (2006): Synonymy of Aphrophora willemsi Lallemand 1946 with Aphrophora salicina (Goeze, 17778) (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae) Journal of the New York Entomological Society 114 (3): 140-143.
  8. ↑ Aphrophora. Fauna Europaea version 2.6.2, August 29, 2013 ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / fauna.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de
  9. ^ R. Biedermann & R. Niedringhaus: The cicadas of Germany - identification tables for all kinds. Fründ, Scheeßel 2004, ISBN 3-00-012806-9 . Aphrophora on page 174.
  10. ^ Roy G. Van Driesche, Joseph H. LaForest, Charles T. Bargeron, Richard C. Reardon, Megan Herlihy: Forest Pest Insects in North America: A Photographic Guide. USDA Forest Service, 2012. online .
  11. ↑ David V. Alford: Color Atlas of the pests on ornamental plants. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1997. ISBN 3 432 27841 1
  12. ↑ Bernhard Perny (2007): Increased occurrence of sucking pests in the forest and urban area. Forest protection currently 40: 14-16.

Web links

Commons : Aphrophora  - collection of images, videos and audio files