Pharmacy in the Principality of Münster
The history of the pharmacy system in the Bishopric of Münster is part of the history of pharmacy in Germany, based on the Bishopric of Münster .
General
The Holy Roman Empire consisted of a multitude of sovereign territories. The pharmacy sector developed accordingly in small parts. A large number of medical or pharmacist regulations and price regulations were created, each of which only applied to individual territories.
history
The beginnings
A document dated August 5, 1267 gives the impression that there was a pharmacy in Münster as early as the 13th century. This document mentions a "Willekinus apothecarius" who is a citizen of Münster. However, pharmacy originally meant storage space (see pharmacy # word origin ). It is unlikely that this “apothecarius” was a pharmacist in today's sense. The oldest listing of the income of the cathedral chapter of Münster from 1318 names "Cristina apotecaria" as the leaseholder of a sales booth near the Michalistor. But even with this shopkeeper it is unclear whether he traded in medicines. In 1370 a "Fredericus Apothecarius" and in 1407 a "Johannes Kolarese" are mentioned in a document. The latter draws in 1438 as "Johannes Apoteker". The name Apoteker appears in documents in 1423, 1440 and 1446, so it can also be a family name.
The first clear indications of a pharmacy can be found in the tax records of the city of Münster from 1447, 1448 and 1458. In 1448 the council paid 3.5 marks and 3 shillings to the pharmacist for “kraut und drank, doe man den raid koess” (“herb and drink, when one chose the council”). Arnoldus Apotheker is the first pharmacist in 1458 who is known for certain by name.
Since many documents were destroyed during the Anabaptist rule from 1533, the pharmacy system in the Prince Diocese of Münster is only rudimentary known. In 1451 the pharmacist Hinrich von Grevel is mentioned, in 1474 Johann Apotheker. Allocation to specific pharmacies is not possible. The oldest pharmacist's privilege in the city dates from 1496. Godert van der Maß acquired the city pharmacy from the council and undertook to sell his medicines exclusively in Münster.
The first pharmacy instruction
The first legal regulation of the pharmacy comes from the first half of the 16th century. The undated “Volkomenlige Instruction how eyn Apteker all things should be skillful” regulated the essential aspects of a pharmacist order . The pharmacist had to have ethical skills and a good education. He was not allowed to produce any poisons or abortion drugs and was only allowed to implement prescriptions from licensed doctors ("learned and experienced doctoral doctors"). Pharmacists should be sworn in and above all the prices for medicines should be reasonable and cheaper for the poor.
In 1562 the first pharmacy visit has been handed down. The report describes the condition of the pharmacies as very poor and suggested that the council should appoint a doctor in charge to oversee the pharmacies. On November 22nd, 1562, Bishop Bernhard von Raesfeld appointed the Aachen doctor Gerhardus Martellius to this office. In the following years Martellius achieved a significant improvement in pharmacy. A draft of an extended pharmacist regulation also dates from 1562. In addition to the existing regulations, it was ordered, among other things, to use the pharmacopoeia of Valerius Cordus , and the law of the quid pro quo was abolished.
In 1584 the first medicine tax was issued by the council. This “General Tax of aptecker” was compiled on the basis of the pharmacy taxes of Düsseldorf, Hamm and Wesel and its content largely corresponded to the leading tax , the Frankfurt tax . The enforcement of the regulations of the pharmacists order and especially the tax was difficult and there were repeated complaints that the pharmacists had set prices free and therefore too high. In 1689 the bishop therefore ordered a single survey of all pharmacies with regard to their prices and the comparison with the Paderborn and the Frankfurt tax. The results were reflected in the Hochfürstlich Munster Artzney order of July 20, 1692. This regulated the pharmacist's obligations and set the prices on 42 pages. The Artzney order was printed in 300 copies and distributed to pharmacies, doctors and authorities.
The reforms of Christoph Ludwig Hoffmann
From 1763 Christoph Ludwig Hoffmann was the personal physician of Prince-Bishop Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels in Münster, where - as later in Kassel - he achieved reforms for the health system in the sense of enlightened absolutism . He found the health service in poor condition and cracked down on charlatans and quacks. In order to achieve a permanent increase in the standard, the prince-bishop decreed the establishment of the Collegium Medicum on August 9, 1773 as the highest medical authority for the prince-bishopric. This was responsible for monitoring the pharmacies. Since the University of Münster was founded in the same decade , there was also the possibility of improving the training of doctors. On May 14, 1777, the new medical ordinance, largely influenced by Hoffmann, was enacted and printed. It was one of the most extensive medical regulations of the time and comprised 331 paragraphs. It was effective until 1820, beyond the time of the prince-bishopric. Articles 169 to 286 dealt with pharmacies.
The pharmacies
The olde pharmacy
The olde pharmacy , first mentioned in 1496, was the city's oldest pharmacy and remained the only one until 1569. She was a Ratsapotheke , so a pharmacy owned by the city, which was leased by the city council to a pharmacist. After a third pharmacy was approved in 1582 and a fourth pharmacy in 1590, the old pharmacy went under at the end of the 16th century.
Lion pharmacy
On October 6, 1569, the pharmacist David Moll received the license for the city's second pharmacy. Today's Löwen-Apotheke goes back to it. In 1613 the pharmacist Werner Wernekinck moved the pharmacy to Prinzipalmarkt 16, where the pharmacy had its headquarters for almost 300 years. When the Principality of Münster was dissolved, Ferdinand Herold was a pharmacist there. In 1902 the city of Münster acquired the house Prinzipalmarkt 16 and the pharmacy was moved to Rothenburg 50, where it still exists today.
Adler pharmacy
Probably in 1582 (the pharmacy certainly existed in 1585) Laurenz Moll received the license for the city's third pharmacy. Werner Wernekinck managed to keep the other two pharmacies small. After Laurenz Moll's death around 1622, the pharmacy business was interrupted and Wernekinck temporarily had a monopoly. However, the council sought further pharmacies and on June 6, 1625 granted Berndt Hermann Sevenstren a pharmacy license and three days later the nephew of Laurenz Moll, Engelbert Moll, the license to reopen Laurenz Moll's pharmacy. This still exists today as the Adler pharmacy.
literature
- Ursula Vierkotten: On the history of the pharmacy in the city and the Furstbistum Münster iW, Diss. 1969
Individual evidence
- ^ Michael Kutzer: Hoffmann, Christoph Ludwig. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 608.