Monastery of Münster
Territory in the Holy Roman Empire |
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Monastery of Münster | |
coat of arms | |
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Münster bishopric around 1560 | |
Alternative names | Principality of Münster, Mönster |
Arose from | Developed from the Duchy of Saxony in the 14th century |
Form of rule | Electoral principality / corporate state |
Ruler / government | Prince-bishop , administrator or vacant : cathedral chapter |
Today's region / s | DE-NW , DE-NI |
Parliament | 1 virile vote on the ecclesiastical bench in the Reichsfürstenrat |
Reich register | 34 horsemen, 169 foot soldiers, 325 guilders (1522) |
Reichskreis | Lower Rhine-Westphalian |
Capitals / residences | Münster , Ahaus , Nordkirchen , Coesfeld |
Denomination / Religions | Roman Catholic , major Reformation movements at the beginning of the 16th century , large Jewish minority |
Language / n | German , Low German , Latin |
surface | Oberstift: 5,900 km² (end of 18th century)
Niederstift: 4,300 km² |
Residents | 310,000 inhabitants (end of 18th century) |
Incorporated into | 1802: divided between Prussia , Salm , Aremberg , Oldenburg
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The bishopric of Münster , synonymous with the prince-bishopric or contemporary monastery , was a corporate state and spiritual territory of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in northwestern Westphalia , which emerged in the high Middle Ages and existed until the modern age of 1802/03. It was the secular domain of the prince-bishops of Münster . In contrast to this is the larger area of the ecclesiastical diocese , the spiritual pastoral area of the diocese of Münster . The monastery had been part of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian Empire since the 16th century .
The origin
Already in the 12th century who was bishop of Muenster with parts of the former duchy of Saxe invested . Bishop Hermann II received the rights to an area that was then larger than his ecclesiastical diocese . The core of the territory that developed in the High Middle Ages was the Upper Monastery of Münster . In its heyday it stretched from Warendorf , the Lippe and today's Dutch border around the city of Münster . A narrow corridor across Rheine led between the counties of Lingen and Bentheim to the north, followed by the Niederstift Münster , an area of almost the same size between today's Dutch border, Papenburg , Cloppenburg and Damme . Enclaves in the Oberstift were the County of Steinfurt and the Lordship of Gemen . The Anholt lordship was a neighbor in the far west. Since the 16th century, the bishopric of Münster belonged to the Lower Rhine-Westphalian Empire .
Territorial development
- 1252: Acquisition of the Ravensberg rule (Emsland / Vechta)
- 1269: purchase of the county of Horstmar
- 1316: Five parishes near Groningen come under the protection of the bishop
- 1310–1369: consolidation of the dominion. Purchase of the feudal lordship.
- Around 1400: The fortresses of Cloppenburg and Friesoythe are captured in the war against Tecklenburg .
- 1400: Acquisition of the Bevergern office and Ahaus lien
- 1708: Acquisition of the rule Werth
- 1803: Dissolution of the Hochstift in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
Ludgerusburg , Coesfeld residence
Political development
“Westphalia split its forces in local rivalries. For centuries it was in the slipstream of the empire. "
Since Münster was the largest spiritual territory of the Holy Roman Empire , it took on a leading role in the Westphalian dioceses. There were repeated rivalries with the Archbishop of Cologne . Another rival was the Count of Tecklenburg , with whom the Bishop of Munster often feuded. But there was also constant friction with the nobility of the bishopric, whose power was only broken by Bishop Ludwig II of Hesse in the 14th century. In the city of Münster itself, the bishop increasingly lost power over the course of history to the bourgeoisie ruled by noble hereditary families , before he emerged stronger from the turmoil of the Reformation. In the 18th century, the Münster bishopric was in personal union with the Archbishopric of Cologne , and at times also with other northern German spiritual territories. The bishops were rarely in Munster at this time, and a vicar general took care of church affairs .
Key data
- 14th century: introduction of an official constitution in the bishopric
- In 1451 there was the Münster collegiate feud , a schism . One bishop was elected by the Münster cathedral chapter , the other at the request of the citizens of Münster. Only when the candidate for the cathedral chapter died, Pope Kalixt III. intervene and use Johann von Pfalz-Simmern .
- 1532: Bishop Franz von Waldeck tried in vain to introduce the Reformation in the bishopric and convert it into a hereditary principality.
- 1534 to 1535: Anabaptist Empire in Münster . The bishop and all Catholics and Lutherans had to leave the city. In 1535 the execution of the Reich against the city of Münster was decided. It lost its independence by 1553, but then regained it.
- 1629: The last cities of the Münsterland became Catholic again.
- 1648: Peace of Westphalia : Peace treaty between Münster and Osnabrück
- 1657 to 1669: Münster tried in vain to break away from the bishop.
- 1665 to 1679: Entry into the Dutch War .
- 1764: The Münster fortifications are razed, the castle is built (from 1767).
- 1802: The Hochstift is occupied by Prussian troops.
Cultural development
- Reliquary shrine of St. Prudentia (1230), the most valuable reliquary shrine in Westphalia in the provost church of St. Stephanus zu Beckum
- Freckenhorster baptismal font (around 1269), most important baptismal font of the 12th century in Germany
- Lüner Madonna (1290/99) the oldest preserved image of grace of the diocese of Münster
- St. Paul Cathedral in Munster
- Master of Schöppingen
- Master of Liesborn
- Hermann tom Ring (1521–1596)
- Everwin Droste (around 1540–1604)
- Johann Conrad Schlaun (1695–1773), master builder, including the Clemenskirche , the Erbdrostenhof and the Prince Bishop's Palace (all Münster ), combines classicism with Franconian baroque .
- Anton Matthias Sprickmann (1749–1833), writer and lawyer.
- 1773: Decision to found the University of Münster (founded in 1780)
- Maximilian Friedrich von Droste zu Hülshoff (1764–1840), composer
- Around 1770: Amalie von Gallitzin (1748–1806) established her Münsterschen Kreis , a salon of the Catholic Enlightenment
- 1797–1848: Annette von Droste-Hülshoff , poet
Religious Development
In the 8th century, Westphalia was evangelized under Charlemagne ( Sachsenmission ). The first bishop of Münster was Liudger I (805). The nucleus of the diocese are the monasteries Nottuln , Liesborn , Freckenhorst , Vreden and the monastery Werden .
The end
After the death of the last prince-bishop in 1801, the city was occupied a year later by the Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . This measure was only legitimized in 1803 by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , before Napoleon's troops took and occupied the city in 1806 . The offices of Bocholt and Ahaus in the west were assigned to the ducal houses of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg, which established the common principality of Salm with a joint seat of government in Bocholt . Under Napoleon , the area of the bishopric was first partially, and finally completely, to France. Through the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the area of the upper pen was finally given to Prussia , the lower pen to Hanover and Oldenburg .
See also
literature
- Wilhelm Damberg / Gisela Muschiol: The diocese of Münster. An illustrated story , Münster 2004.
- Detlef Fischer: Chronicle of the Münsterland , Münster 2003.
- Wilhelm Kohl : Westphalian History , Düsseldorf 1983.
- Helmut Lahrkamp: Unter dem Krummstab , Münster 1999.
- Jutta Nowosadtko : Standing army in the corporate state. The coexistence of the military and civilian population in the Principality of Münster 1650–1803 (= research on regional history . Volume 59). Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2011, ISBN 978-3-506-76459-1 .
- Alois Schröer : Church history for the diocese of Münster , Münster 1955.
- Marcus Weidner: Landadel in Münster 1600–1760. City constitution, claim of status and prince's court , (= sources and research on the history of the city of Münster, new series, volume 18), Münster 2000 (with prosopography of the landed aristocracy).
Web links
- Internet portal "Westphalian History": Collection of laws and ordinances for the Prince Bishopric of Münster and the (Prussian) successor territories (1359–1811)
- Deeds from the archives of the Prince Bishopric of Münster , the Cathedral Chapter of Münster in the State Archives of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Diocese Archives of Münster , as well as the Vicariate General Münster / Digital Westphalian Document Database (DWUD)
- Departure into the modern age
- Maps of the Münster Hochstift in 1789
- Prosopography of the noble families in the Münsterland (17th / 18th century) online
- Principality of Münster
- Archive holdings for the Prince Diocese of Münster in the State Archive of North Rhine-Westphalia, Department of Westphalia (until 2008 State Archive of Münster), overview
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Gerhard Köbler : Historical Lexicon of the German Lands. The German territories from the Middle Ages to the present. 7th, completely revised edition. CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-54986-1 , pp. 442-443.