Autovaccine

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Autovaccine (autogenous vaccine, " vaccine ") are individually manufactured agents that are used to treat chronic infections . They are used almost exclusively in the field of alternative medicine and their use is controversial. A vaccination is not achieved by them.

Autovaccine were developed in the early 20th century. They were used before antibiotics existed. In western Europe, therapy with autovaccines has been replaced by antibiotics and is only rarely used. In Eastern Europe and partly in veterinary medicine, it is still a common treatment method today. A special form of the otherwise pathogen-specific autovaccines are the Escherichia coli autovaccines for general immunomodulation.

history

The term autovaccine was first used by CRG Forrester in 1910 in a paper on traumatic infections. At that time, however, the term autogenic vaccine was more common, which in turn was a specification of the term autoinoculation . The term auto vaccine is often used . The beginnings of autovaccine therapy can be seen in the work of Alrmroth Wright , which he developed based on his work on typhoid vaccination. His idea was that killed microorganisms could be used not only in the prevention but also in the therapy of infections. The first certified work on autovaccines appeared in 1902 with the title: On the treatment of furunculosis , sycosis and acne by therapeutic inoculation of a staphylococcal vaccine and, in general, on the treatment of localized bacterial invasions by therapeutic inoculation of the corresponding bacterial vaccine .

It is believed that this is not the first publication on the subject of autovaccine, as there is also evidence of attempts at therapy for typhoid and plague , which are of older origin. The theoretical basis of the autovaccine therapy is the theory of opsonie written by Wright and Douglas . This is based on the fact that the blood is able to “modify” bacteria in order to finally make them accessible for phagocytosis . Wright and Douglas write about this: "We would like to call this effect opsonic, namely after the word opsono = to prepare a treat".

The autovaccine flourished between the world wars. By the end of the Second World War, almost 400 works on car accidents had been published from Western European, American and Eastern European regions.

Alexander Fleming worked intensively on auto-vaccines in his early years as researcher until he accidentally discovered the first antibiotic ( penicillin ), which in the following years largely replaced the use of auto-vaccines in Western Europe. In Germany, the work on autovaccines was mainly continued by the so-called Herborner Kreis, which has been working as a working group for microbiological therapy since 1954.

commitment

From the literature, nine disease sites can be defined for which autovaccines have been used:

  • 1. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
  • 2. Diseases of the bones and joints
  • 3. Diseases of the digestive organs
  • 4. Diseases of the genital and urinary organs
  • 5. Diseases of the circulatory system
  • 6. Diseases of the eye
  • 7. Diseases of the ears and nose
  • 8. Diseases of the respiratory system
  • 9. Diseases of the gums

In autovaccine therapy, a distinction is made between autovaccines in the true sense of the word and stock, hetero or stockaccines (stock = stock). Storage vaccines were previously manufactured and sold industrially, but according to the laws in force in Germany, they are not individual medicinal products and therefore require authorization.

Manufacturing

Autovaccines are produced by removing tissue from affected areas of the disease. Tissue (e.g. pus ) or a sample (vaginal swab, stool, etc.) is taken from where the disease against which the drug is to be produced occurs . The sample taken is sent to the manufacturer and examined there. Once the pathogen has been identified, it is multiplied, then killed by means of heat and administered to the patient. The requirements for the manufacture of the Autovaccine stipulate that every manufacturer must follow Good Manufacturing Practice . These are guidelines for quality assurance of the production processes and environment in production. This guideline requires the use of clean room technology in the manufacture of car accaccines.

Application and Risks

Autovaccine are used to treat existing diseases, not prevent them. Autovaccine have an immunomodulating effect, according to the supporters, they are supposed to strengthen the immune system in defense against certain pathogens. The disease is allegedly weakened and in the best case scenario the patient becomes symptom-free.

There is little research into the risks of Autovaccine treatment. A case of sepsis is also reported.

effect

It could be shown that the antigen-specific response decreases during the administration of Autovaccine. From this it can be assumed that the observed effect is not based on an activation of the humoral and thus specific immunity , but rather on an undefined modulation of immunoregulatory components such as the cytokines .

swell

  1. ↑ Forrester, CRG: Autovaccine in traumatic infections In Illinois Med. Journal , Vol. XVII, 1910, pp. 733-735.
  2. ↑ Wright, AE: On the treatment of furunculosis, sycosis and acne by therapeutic inoculation of a staphylococcal vaccine, and in general on the treatment of localized bacterial invasions by therapeutic inoculation of the corresponding bacterial vaccine . engl. Original title unknown. In Lancet . From Allen, RW: The vaccine therapy . Verlag Theodor Steinkopff, Dresden and Leipzig 1914.
  3. ^ Wright, AE and D. Sample: Remarks on vaccination against typhoid fever In British Medical Journal Vol. 1, 1987, p. 259.
  4. ^ Wright, AE and SR Douglas. Experimental study of the role of blood fluids in phagocytosis . In studies of immunization and its use in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections . Publishing house Gustav Fischer, Jena 1909.
  5. ↑ http://www.autovaccine.de/english/references.html
  6. ↑ http://www.amt-herborn.de
  7. ↑ Allen, RW: The vaccine therapy . Verlag Theodor Steinkopff , Dresden and Leipzig 1914
  8. ↑ Wojtacha, A. et al .: Case Rep . In Clin. Pract. Rev Vol. 3, 2002, pp. 28-30.
  9. ↑ Nolte, O. et al. Autovaccination of dairy cows to treat post partum metritis caused by Actinomyces pyogenes . In Vaccine Vol. 19, 2001, pp. 3146-3153.

literature

Animal studies

  • Phu, CH et al .: A study of edema disease in pigs in Vietnam with particular reference to the use of autovaccine for the prevention of disease . In Ann NY Acad Sci. Vol. 1081, 2006, pp. 531-3.
  • Nolte, O. et al .: Autovaccination of dairy cows to treat post partum metritis caused by Actinomyces pyogenes In Vaccine Vol. 19, 2001, pp. 3146-53.
  • Van Veen, L .: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infections in poultry: a review In Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. Vol. 125, 2000, pp. 113-6.

Human studies

  • Rusch, K. and Schwiertz, A .: Candida autovaccination in the treatment of vulvovaginal Candida infections In Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Vol. 96, 2007, p. 130
  • Okrasinska-Cholewa, B .: Clinical evaluation of treating accessory nasal sinus diseases in children using autovaccine In Med Dosw Mikrobiol. Vol. 44, 1994, pp. 67-73.
  • Boloczko S. and Bladowski K .: Autovaccine used in comprehensive treatment of staphylococcal inflammation of bone In Med Dosw Mikrobiol Vol. 46, 1994, pp. 51-7.