Aviculariinae

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Aviculariinae
Pachistopelma rufonigrum, female

Pachistopelma rufonigrum , female

Systematics
Sub-stem : Jawbearers (Chelicerata)
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Tarantulas (Mygalomorphae)
Family : Tarantulas (Theraphosidae)
Subfamily : Aviculariinae
Scientific name
Aviculariinae
Simon , 1874

The Aviculariinae are a subfamily within the tarantula family (Theraphosidae). The species are arboreal spiders.

features

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They are mostly medium to large animals with a leg span of up to 23 centimeters ( e.g. Avicularia huriana ). The tufts of hair under the biting claws are soft. The tarsi are thicker than metatarsi.

The animals of the genera Avicularia and Pachistopelma have stinging hairs on the abdomen, the genera Ephebopus have stinging hairs on the femora of the palps. The anterior row of eyes in Avicularia is strongly procurvic. The species of the Pachistopelma have apophyses on the tibia of the first leg and a black process of spines on the tibia of the second leg.

behavior

Except for the genus Ephebopus, it is a tree-dwelling species. You can run fast and jump far with your extremities spread out. They have additional hair pads on the buttons , which form a large area during flight and thus reduce the speed of fall. They spin their nests with spider silk and often also incorporate pieces of bark and leaves. Some also look for knotholes or the funnels of bromeliads (for example some Avicularia species) as dwelling .

They are considered a defensive species. In the event of disturbances, they very quickly withdraw into their living tube or cave. If they are provoked, they first stretch the abdomen with the loosely sitting stinging hair towards you. If they do not have a chance to escape, they usually hit the attacker three to four times with their front legs and buttons before they bite.

distribution

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Distribution area of ​​the five genera (Schmidt 2003)

The distribution area of ​​the Aviculariinae is on the American southern continent. The species live in on the plants and trees. In the same area there are the subfamilies Theraphosinae (bombardier spiders), Ischnocolinae and Selenocosmiinae.

Systematics

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The systematics of the Aviculariinae is much discussed in the professional world. Robert J. Raven placed the genus Psalmopoeus in the subfamily Selenocosmiinae as early as 1985. Other tarantulas systematists (e.g. Bertani, von Wirth) suspect on the basis of phylogenetic studies that the genera Psalmopoeus and Tapinauchenius are much closer to z. B. Poecilotheria and Chilobrachys are related than with the genera Avicularia and Ephebopus, for these reasons they were moved to a new subfamily in 2008.

The German biologist and tarantula systematist Günter EW Schmidt left the genus Psalmopoeus in the subfamily Aviculariinae in his description of P. langbucheri at the end of 2006, but gave the first indication that one could think about placing it in its own subfamily. In May 2008 Günter Schmidt and Robert Samm put Psalmopoeus and Tapinauchenius into a new subfamily Sinurticantinae, which was renamed Psalmopoeinae in 2010 for nomenclature reasons.

The most recent revision is from Fukushima and Bertani in 2017.

Web links

literature

  • Günther Schmidt: Die Vogelspinnen , Westarp Wissenschaften-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hohenwarsleben 2003, ISBN 3-8943-2899-1 , p. 38 and p. 197-206
  • Peter Klaas: Tarantulas: Origin, Care, Species. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2003. ISBN 3-8001-3696-1
  • Andreas Tinter: tarantulas. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Hamburg 2001. ISBN 3-933203-49-X
  • Robert J. Raven: The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematics . (online) In: Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 182, 1985, pp. 1-180.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Günther Schmidt: The tarantulas . Westarp Wissenschaften-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hohenwarsleben 2003, ISBN 3-8943-2899-1 , p. 38 and p. 197-206.
  2. ^ SD Marshall and GW Uetz: The pedipalpal brush of Ephebopus sp. (Araneae, Theraphosidae): evidence of a new site for urticating hairs. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 8, 4, pp. 122-124, 1990
  3. ^ RJ Raven: The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematics , Amer Museum of Natural History, December 1985, ISBN 978-9995245283
  4. ↑ Günter Schmidt, M. & M. Bullmer Thierer-Lutz: A new Psalmopoeus species from Venezuela, Psalmopoeus langenbucheri sp. n. (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae) . Tarantulas of the World, 2006, 121.122,123: 3-17.
  5. ^ R. Samm, Günter Schmidt: Psalmopoeinae subfamilia nov. - a new subfamily of the Theraphosidae (Araneae) . TOW - 142 / July 2010: 35-41.
  6. ↑ Fukushima, CS & Bertani, R. (2017): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera. ZooKeys, 659, pp. 1-185.