Baraksai
Baraksai was a Pashtun dynasty in Afghanistan from 1826 to 1973.
Since the founding of the country by the Durrani dynasty in 1747, the Baraksai have held the office of viziers , as whom they gained considerable influence.
The name Afghanistan (literally "Land of the Pashtuns") was introduced by the Baraksai at the beginning of the 19th century. Afghan , originally used for Pashto speakers, today means "citizen of Afghanistan" according to the constitution of Zahir Shah (1964).
At the beginning of the 19th century there were also violent power struggles with the Durrani, as a result of which the Baraksai were almost exterminated. In 1826, however, Dost Mohammed (1826–1863) was able to assert himself in Kabul and establish the Baraksai dynasty. After the submission of Kandahar , Dost Mohammed assumed the title of emir . First, Great Britain tried in the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842) to gain control of Afghanistan. British troops occupied Kabul and Kandahar and brought Shodja Shah Durrani , a member of the former ruling Durrani dynasty, to the throne. Due to an uprising by the Afghan tribesHowever, the British had to withdraw briefly and reinstated Dost Mohammed. In the following years, the unification of Afghanistan was supported by Great Britain to stop the further advance of Russia and Persia . So the British prevented z. B. the reconquest of Herat by the Persians in 1856.
Under his successor, Scher Ali Khan (1863–1879), there were repeated fights with other aspirants to the throne. But when he increasingly leaned on Russia, it came to the 2nd British-Afghan War (1878-1881), in which the British shear Ali Khan deposed and Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901) were able to install. However, the British troops had to withdraw because of renewed Afghan resistance. In order to be able to withstand Russian and Persian interests, it was largely based on Great Britain (which ruled India ). This influence was strengthened by the Durand Agreement of 1893: the so-called Durand Line , which was redefined as the border with British India and a large number of Afghan areas came under British rule. Today this line is an absurdity for many nationalist Pashtuns because it goes through their tribal areas and lands.
Under Amanullah Khan (1919–1929), Afghanistan achieved its independence after the 3rd British-Afghan War and thus also its scope for foreign policy. He implemented reforms on the model of Ataturk and in 1926 accepted the title of king . However, resistance to the reforms was formed by the tribes who forced Amanullah to abdicate in 1929 . After the unrest, Mohammed Nadir Shah (1929–1933) pacified the country again and enacted a constitution that transformed Afghanistan into a constitutional monarchy.
The modernization of the country was continued under Zahir Shah (1933–1973), who balanced his foreign policy between the Soviet Union and the West. However, after independence from Pakistan , tensions arose again and again between the two states, as Afghanistan claimed rule over the Pashtun tribes in the Pakistani border area. In July 1973, however, he was overthrown by a coup d'état under Prime Minister Daoud Khan (also a member of the Baraksai dynasty). This abolished the monarchy in Afghanistan.
See also
Web links
- Barakzai. khyber.org