Birett
Birett (from Latin biretum or birrettum, beretum , diminutive of birrus , coat, kutte ) (also beret , pronunciation : [ baˈrɛt ]) is the headgear of Christian clergymen .
Roman Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic clergy's biretta is square and consists of fabric with inlaid cardboard strips. In Germany, England, France and the Netherlands it has four, in other countries three horns or arched attachments, in Spain it is without such attachments. In most cases it has a tassel in the middle on the top .
The biretta has been known since the 13th century. In the Middle Ages, the handing over of the biretta meant the transfer of a church benefice . The color of the biretta indicates the rank of the bearer. Priests and deacons wear a black biretta with a black tassel. A black biretta with purple tassel bear the Pontifical honor prelates and in many dioceses the dean . Only bishops and cathedral chapters of excellent cathedral chapters as well as apostolic protonotaries wear a violet biret with a violet tassel. The cardinals' biretta is scarlet , has no tassel and only three horns in Germany. The Pope does not wear a biretta.
Religious priests , especially canons , wear either the black biretta of the simple clergy or a biretta that corresponds to the color of their habit (e.g. Premonstratensian : white). Monks, on the other hand, do not wear a biretta.
In the liturgy the biretta is only worn with the choir robe ; however, it is always removed in front of the altar and the Holy of Holies . In the course of the reforms after the Second Vatican Council , clergymen are no longer obliged to wear the birett with the cassock .
The appearance of this headgear is also used to derive the name of the Pfaffenhütchen , a central European shrub whose red fruits have the shape of a biretta.
Protestant church
In the Protestant churches , the name of a clergyman's headgear is beret . It is always black and is part of the official costume, the robe . The beret is only worn outdoors. The forms vary greatly; the most widespread is the so-called " Luther baret", a flat, round cap made of velvet and without a tassel. Other shapes are: with a button or tassel, square, hexagonal or octagonal, gently falling or (similar to a biretta) standing upright.
literature
- Dieter Philippi: Philippi Collection - Headgear in Faith, Religion and Spirituality . St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7462-2800-6 .
Web links
- History and use of the Biret in the Catholic Church (German)
- Martin Raffelt - The Birett - its current use (PDF file; 191 kB)
- Pictures, information and literature references on the subject of Birett
- Treatise on the evangelical beret (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Duden | Beret | Spelling, meaning, definition, synonyms, origin. Retrieved July 19, 2017 .
- ↑ CEREMONIALS FOR THE BISHOPS IN THE CATHOLIC BISTUMS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE AREA No. 1214–1225: Appendix I: THE CLOTHING OF THE CARDINALS, BISHOPS AND PRELATES.
- ↑ Joseph Braun SJ: Liturgisches Handlexikon. Pustet, Regensburg 1924, p. 47.