Baturu
Baturu ( Manchu : baturu ; Chinese 巴图鲁 , Pinyin bātúlǔ ; German: "brave", "warrior") was a military designation of honor in the Qing Dynasty . Officers and soldiers who had distinguished themselves through courageous behavior in battle were enfeoffed with it.
Word origin
The word originated from the Mongolian baghatur / baγatur with the same meaning.
history
At the beginning of the Qing period, only Manchu and Mongols were awarded the title. 100 years later, Emperor Jiaqing also began conferring the title on the Han Chinese, and since Xianfeng civilians and even foreigners have been allowed to receive the title.
Title holder
- Bao Chao
- William Mesny
- Oboe
- Song Qing
- Frederick Townsend Ward
- Xiang Rong
- Zeng Guofan
- Zhang Guoliang
- Jinšun
literature
- Herbert Franke , et al. (Ed.): The Cambridge History of China. Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. doi: 10.1017 / CHOL9780521243315 , ISBN 1-139-05474-0 , p. 567.
- C. Fleischer: Bahādor. In: Ehsan Yarshater (ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica . Volume III: Ātaš – Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr-al-Dīn (first edition: 1988), pp. 436–437 ( iranicaonline.org ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Henry Yule, AC Burnell: Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India. Oxford University Press, 2013 ISBN 978-0-19-164583-9 books.google.com .