Beguinage near St. Wolfgang (Heilbronn)

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Beguinage in Heilbronn (stepped gable house)

The beguinage near St. Wolfgang or the beguinage near Judengasse (here Zwerchjudengasse) in Heilbronn was a Gothic stone house with a stepped gable and stood at Lammgasse 15 / corner of Wolfgangsgasse 20. It was initially the home of beguines , later the home of several mayors and as such one intellectual center of the city. It was given its nickname by St. Wolfgang from a once neighboring Wolfgang chapel and in contrast to another beguinage that once existed in Heilbronn. The building was destroyed in the air raid on Heilbronn on December 4, 1944.

Beguinage

history

The beguines were sisters according to the third rule of Francis , lived according to the usual beguine's rule, had a mother as headmistress and used all income for common benefit. Her job was to care for the poor sick. Beguines also devoted themselves to prayer and contemplation. Beguines have been mentioned in Württemberg since the 14th century. To Heilbronn, where beguines have been recorded since 1341, they probably came in the wake of the Klaranonnen who moved from Flein to the city in 1302 . In Heilbronn there were two Beginenklausen : one on Hämmerlingsgasse, the other in Lichtensterner Gasse (later: Lammgasse). The name Beguines near St. Wolfgang comes from the fact that there was a neighboring Wolfgang chapel. More rarely, the facility was also called the Beguinage on Judengasse after the neighboring Judenbad .

In 1383 the beguinage is mentioned for the first time on the occasion of a "foundation of the willing poor" and for the second time more specifically in 1465. The Beguines acted according to the saying “a pure worship before God is to visit the orphans and widows in their tribulation and to care for the poor sick”. The beguines received donations when they visited the sick and occasionally from the estate of deceased citizens; the beguines in Hämmerlingsgasse also earned part of their living by selling handicrafts such as woven goods.

The building in Lichtensterner Gasse belonged to the city, and the beguines themselves were also under city supervision. The councilors Hanns Berlin and Johannes Baldermann have been handed down as carers in 1513. During the Peasants' War in 1525, the beguinage was one of the few houses that were not bothered by the farmers. Rather, the poor women were allowed to have little possessions. While other monasteries were also plundered by the farmers in Heilbronn, according to witness records, the Beguines were supposed to have “everything that the people give them when they go to the sick”.

In the course of the Reformation there was the decline of the Beguines. The two groups in Hämmerlinggasse and Lichtensterner Gasse were already united near St. Wolfgang before 1530. The councilors Nenninger and Neyffer demanded from the five sisters living in the house, in future without traditional costumes in secular, i.e. H. in gray or black clothes to care for the sick. Due to negative experiences with secular clothing during the Peasant War, when sisters were harassed, the Beguines initially rejected this request, but soon complied. In 1551 the Beguines took on a sister again, in April 1565 the last Beguines gave up her office. In June 1565 it was decided what should be done with the wine and household items that remained in the house, after which the building was sold to a private individual.

In the 17th century the former beguinage belonged to the mayor Johann David Feyerabend , in the 18th century to the mayor Gottlob Moriz Christian von Wacks . For a long time it was a focal point of the city's intellectual and social life. In 1841 the merchant Adelmann had the house demolished down to the ground floor and rebuilt. In the further course of the 19th century, the Rümelin bank was located in this property . The house was last owned by the Wüst family and was destroyed in the air raid on December 4, 1944 .

description

The front building, oriented towards Lammgasse, was a multi-storey stone house with a Gothic pinnacle gable . The building is said to have had its own chapel dedicated to St. Nicholas was consecrated. The beguinage had a courtyard that bordered the St. Wolfgang chapel to the north.

Dye house (mikveh)

The dye house in the former Judenbad was located on (Zwerch) judengasse, ie Lammgasse to Neue Gasse (Rappengasse). The dye house from the years 1422 and 1428 of the Trappenhans von Speyer used to be a bathing room. This bathing room was a mikveh before 1348 , which had belonged to the city since 1348 and used it as a public bathing room .

literature

  • Marianne Dumitrache, Simon M. Haag: Archaeological city cadastre Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8: Heilbronn. Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg , Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-927714-51-8
  • Helmut Schmolz , Hubert Weckbach: Heilbronn with Böckingen, Neckargartach, Sontheim. The old city in words and pictures. Volume 1: Photos from 1860 to 1944. Anton H. Konrad Verlag, Weißenhorn 1966
  • Wilhelm Steinhilber: The health system in old Heilbronn 1281–1871. City archive Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1956 ( publications of the archive of the city of Heilbronn . Issue 4)
  • The Beginenklausen in Heilbronn and the surrounding area . In: Swabia and Franconia. Local history supplement of the Heilbronn voice . No. 2 . Heilbronner Voice publishing house, February 28, 1959, ZDB -ID 128017-X , p. 2 .
  • From St. Wolfgang to the “Brave Swabian” . In: Swabia and Franconia. Local history supplement of the Heilbronn voice . No. 1 . Heilbronner Voice publishing house, December 4, 1954, ZDB -ID 128017-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Swabia and Franconia, page 3
  2. ↑ Steinhilber, Health Care, p. 222
  3. ^ Schmolz / Weckbach: Heilbronn with Böckingen, Neckargartach, Sontheim. The old city in words and pictures , p. 36 No. 39.
  4. ↑ Dumitrache, p. 119, No. 128 Beguinage II / patrician house removed, Lammgasse 15 and inner courtyard
  5. ↑ Dumitrache, p. 138, No. 218 Dye house in the (Zwerch) judengasse, sold, Kieselmarkt / Lammgasse / Neue Gasse (Rappengasse).
  6. ↑ Knupfer: Heilbronner Urkundenbuch 1st volume number 561 and 2nd volume number 998 and number 988 and number 1425 and 3rd volume number 3478
  7. ↑ Steinhilber health service in old Heilbronn p. 38 and Dumitrache, page 130, no. 166 "Lower Badstube I / Dye House", departed, Kieselmarkt / Lammgasse / Neue Gasse (Rappengasse) "

Coordinates: 49 ° 8 ′ 39 ″  N , 9 ° 13 ′ 8 ″  E