Mountain wall

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In mining, a mining wall is the term used to describe a pit wall made of rock material . The walls are built using a dry construction method. Salvage walls can be used as a flexible extension either instead of wooden boxes or salvage boxes or in combination with these boxes. Salvage walls can take up to several times the pressure of wooden boxes.

Basics and history

The dry masonry with the use of tailings was mainly used from the second half of the 18th century. The miners assumed that the mortar required for the joints would be washed out by the pit water after a short time , and for this reason they decided not to use it. This form of masonry using tailings was mainly used until the first half of the 19th century. However, since the assumption that the mortar joints would be washed out had not been confirmed in practical operation, the dry masonry lost its importance and was largely replaced by the wet masonry. Mining walls were still used for flexible extensions. In particular, where there was not enough pit wood available, the stones that accumulated during operation were used to build mining walls. Salvage walls should generally have a minimum wall thickness of 0.8 meters. Depending on the requirements, the wall thickness can also be up to six meters. Not all types of stone can be used for the wall. Stones that are firm and do not weather should be used for this. In addition, these stones should be easy to knock into suitable slabs by hand- tugging . In addition, the stones may be able to absorb moisture, but should still not puff up due to the moisture. Stones made from materials such as very solid sandstone , gneiss and greywacke are well suited . Limestone , granite , basalt and softer sandstones are moderately suitable . Materials such as marl , slate and clay are unsuitable .

Creation

In preparation, the sole must be trimmed down to the solid surface in the area in which the mountain wall is to be built. The mountain wall is then built up to be stable. For this purpose, suitable stones are used that have as flat a surface as possible on the bearing surfaces. In addition, the stones should be as large as possible, as these stones bond together more durable than small stones. Small stones are also unsuitable as they only fill small spaces. Flat mountain boulders are well suited here. The stones are layered on top of each other in such a way that there are no vertical joints on top of each other, but the lower joints are always covered by a stone. Furthermore, the wall must also be properly built in depth. The gaps between the stones must be filled with fine material so that the rock wall is solid and stable. Moss was used for this in the past. But Latvians were also filled into the joints to connect the stones. Later, materials such as sand or rubble were used to fill in the joints. If the resilience of the mountain wall is to be increased in relation to pressure , this can be achieved with wooden inserts. For this purpose, wooden boxes are integrated into the mountain wall at relatively even intervals.

use

Salvage walls are used for various tasks. In the slate mining, the resulting mountains were used to secure the routes or tunnels by means of mountain walls. For this purpose, very long mountain walls were often raised at the joints . In hard coal mining , rock walls were used instead of road embankments to protect the line edge and the lines above. Another purpose is to support the expansion of the route . Here, the mountain walls were built in as a dam wall in the lower joint area and the actual expansion was placed on top. Were further completion dams of dropped workings of a mountain wall with davorgestelltem Lehmknüppeldamm made. Ultimately, they also used tightly packed mountain walls, hermetically sealed with Latvians, to separate fire fields from the rest of the mine .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Heinrich Otto Kaiser: Alignment and dismantling in steep storage on the Erin mine in Castrop-Rauxel. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine, temporarily at the same time Der Bergbau. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 18/19, Volume 79, May 8, 1943, p. 255.
  2. ^ Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Second improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, p. 509.
  3. ^ A b c Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962, pp. 87, 88.
  4. ^ BW Boki, Gregor Panschin: Bergbaukunde. Kulturfond der DDR (Ed.), Verlag Technik Berlin, Berlin 1952, p. 251.
  5. ↑ J. Weißner: Findings from the observation of mountain movements for mining. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund (Ed.), No. 41, 72nd year, October 10, 1936, pp. 1030-1032.
  6. ↑ a b c d Moritz Ferdinand Gaetzschmann: Instructions for pit walling . Printed and published by Carl Schumann, now published by Chraz & Gerlach in FB, Schneeberg 1931, pp. 13-15.
  7. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Leo: First lessons in mining. A help book for young people who want to dedicate themselves to the mining industry, as well as for miners, mine administrators and mine owners. Printed and published by Gottfried Basse, Quedlinburg and Leipzig 1844, p. 53.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Wilhelm Jicinsky, Mining and Hüttenmännischer Verein Mähr-Ostrau (ed.): Catechism of mine maintenance for mine workers and mine supervisory bodies . Commissioned by Prokisch's Buchhandlung, Mähr-Ostrau 1876, pp. 166, 167, 172, 173.
  9. ↑ a b c d Johann Grimm: Practical guide to mining science for the Transylvanian miner, especially for the pupils of the Nagnäger mining school. Printed by Carl Gerold, Vienna 1839, pp. 151, 152.
  10. ↑ a b c d Alfred Wömpener, Deutscher Kohlenbergbau (Ed.): The mining specialist work. Part 2 Mining specialist work, 2nd edition, Lehrmitteldienst GmbH, Hagen 1952, p. 28.
  11. ↑ a b c Erich Winnacker: Investigation of the most favorable mining method in the extraction of thick seams in Upper Silesia. Print Max Schmidt & Sons, Munich, pp. 63, 66, 72.
  12. ↑ a b Precautions against mine fires. In: Dinglers Polytechnische Journal, Volume 272, 79th year, 1889, pp. 19-21.
  13. ↑ Hans Bansen (ed.): The pit expansion . Second increased and improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1909, p. 39.
  14. ^ Norbert Vierhaus, Dietmar Oesterle: Mine diving in the Nuttlar visitor mine. In: 2015 annual report of the mining authorities of North Rhine-Westphalia. Ministry of Economy, Energy, Industry, SMEs and Crafts of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (Ed.), September 2016, MWEIMH E-0044, p. 49.
  15. ↑ Franz Dohmen: Experiences and observations in fighting a difficult mine fire using new methods. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine, temporarily at the same time Der Bergbau. Association for Mining Interests in the Dortmund District Mining Authority (Ed.), No. 34/35, Volume 79, September 4, 1943, p. 411 ff.