Apparent size

The apparent size (also apparent diameter , visual angle , face angle , astronomical often angular extent ) of an object is the angle at which it is perceived by an observer.

Apparent size

The figure on the right illustrates the relationship between the apparent size α, distance r and the true extent g of an object. The following relationship between the three quantities can be derived from this:

{\ displaystyle \ tan {\ frac {\ alpha} {2}} = {\ frac {\ frac {g} {2}} {r}}}

and thus for the angle

{\ displaystyle \ alpha = 2 \, \ arctan \ left ({\ frac {g} {2 \, r}} \ right)}

In geodesy , the distance can be calculated from the apparent size by means of an object with a standardized size, for example a vertically set up staff:

{\ displaystyle r = {\ frac {g} {2 \, \ tan {\ tfrac {\ alpha} {2}}}}}

Differences in the calculated dimensions g , g ′ and g ″ of an irregular object depending on the given distances r , r ′ and r ″

In astronomy , if the distance of an object is known, its approximate true extent across the line of sight is obtained

{\ displaystyle g = 2 \, r \, \ tan {\ frac {\ alpha} {2}}}

For small angles <1 °, the small-angle approximation applies , in radians : so that in angular minutes the following applies: ${\ displaystyle \ textstyle x \ approx \ tan x \ approx \ sin x}$

{\ displaystyle \ alpha \ approx {\ frac {10800 \ cdot g} {\ pi \ cdot r}}}

.

With α = 1 ° the error is only 0.4 "(1.7 · 10 ⁻⁶ rad or 0.001%), with α = 6 '= 0.1 ° only 0.004" (2 · 10 ⁻⁹ rad or 0 , 0001%).

For a spherical object , the diameter of which is g and the distance to the center of the sphere r , the different formula applies because in the triangle the right angle is not at the center, but at the point of contact of the tangent. The difference disappears for small angles. ${\ displaystyle \ textstyle \ alpha = 2 \ arcsin \ left ({\ frac {g} {2 \, r}} \ right),}$

Vertical and horizontal viewing angle

In photography , one uses the vertical and horizontal viewing angles of an object. The vertical angle of vision ε _{v of} an object is defined by circumscribing a horizontally lying rectangle around the object fixed by the eye, then drawing the two rays emanating from the eye to the end points of the vertical line through the center of the rectangle and determining the angle between these rays. Similarly, the horizontal viewing angle ε _{h is} the angle between the two rays from the eye to the end points of the horizontal line through the center of the rectangle.

vertical and horizontal viewing angle

If you choose the Cartesian coordinate system whose origin lies in the center of the rectangle, whose y and z axes form the vertical and horizontal symmetry axes of the rectangle and where the viewer is in the half-space x> 0, these two viewing angles can be used for the Trigonometrically determine a rectangle with the vertical side length G _v = 2γ _v and the horizontal side length G _h = 2γ _h for any observer point (x, y, z):

{\ displaystyle \ epsilon _ {v} = \ arctan {\ frac {\ gamma _ {v} -y} {\ sqrt {x ^ {2} + z ^ {2}}}} - \ arctan {\ frac { - \ gamma _ {v} -y} {\ sqrt {x ^ {2} + z ^ {2}}}}}

,

{\ displaystyle \ epsilon _ {h} = \ arctan {\ frac {\ gamma _ {h} -z} {\ sqrt {x ^ {2} + y ^ {2}}}} - \ arctan {\ frac { - \ gamma _ {h} -z} {\ sqrt {x ^ {2} + y ^ {2}}}}}

.

Due to the rotational symmetry of the function graph of the vertical viewing angle ε _v (x, y, z) when rotating around the y-axis (cylindrical symmetry ), its investigation can be restricted to the x, y-plane. The following terms and the function graphs shown in the figures are obtained for the visual angle functions as functions of only the plane coordinates x and y:

{\ displaystyle \ epsilon _ {v} = \ arctan {\ frac {\ gamma _ {v} -y} {x}} - \ arctan {\ frac {- \ gamma _ {v} -y} {x}} }

,

{\ displaystyle \ epsilon _ {h} = 2 \, \ arctan {\ frac {\ gamma _ {h}} {\ sqrt {x ^ {2} + y ^ {2}}}}}

Vertical viewing angle graph

Graph of the horizontal viewing angle

Maximum viewing angle of an object for a camera

The camera location is restricted to an admissibility range Z for the complete and sharp imaging of a permanently specified object by means of a camera. This area Z is described by four inequalities in which the camera parameters are included:

ε _v (x, y, z) ≤ α _v ,
ε _h (x, y, z) ≤ α _h ,
ρ (x, y, z) = ≥ d = g _min - f, ${\ displaystyle {\ sqrt {x ^ {2} + y ^ {2} + z ^ {2}}}}$

x> 0,

where α _{v is} the vertical angle of view, α _{h is} the horizontal angle of view, g _{min is} the minimum object distance and f is the fixed focal length of the camera.

When the object is completely reproduced, the angle of view of the object is no greater than the angle of view of the camera.

If one looks for a location in this area Z in which the vertical viewing angle ε _v or the horizontal viewing angle ε _{h of} the object is at a maximum for the camera, this provides a non-linear optimization problem, its objective function through the viewing angle to be maximized and its admissibility range Z is given. If, on the other hand, you want to find a location for a camera mounted on a camera crane in which both the vertical and the horizontal viewing angle are maximal, this leads to the solution of the maximization problem, in which both viewing angles are maximized simultaneously as target functions ("multi-criteria optimization") ).

If one restricts oneself to the x, y-plane with the simultaneous maximization of both viewing angles ε _v and ε _h , then the edge of the admissibility area Z is formed by two of the following three arcs: ${\ displaystyle \ partial Z}$

K _d
- ${\ displaystyle y = \ pm f_ {d} (x) = \ pm {\ sqrt {d ^ {2} -x ^ {2}}}}$ ,
K _h
- ${\ displaystyle y = \ pm f_ {h} (x) = \ pm {\ sqrt {\ eta _ {h} ^ {2} -x ^ {2}}}}$ ,
K _v
- ${\ displaystyle y = \ pm f_ {v} (x) = \ pm {\ sqrt {r_ {v} ^ {2} - (x-x_ {v}) ^ {2}}}}$ ,

with η _h = γ _h / tan (α _h / 2), w _v = tan α _v , x _v = γ _v / w _v , r _v = γ _v • (1 + w _v² ) ^1/2 , ξ _v = x _v + r _v = γ _v / tan (α _v / 2), 0 <α _h , α _v <π.

Permission zone Z and no-location zone V of the camera

The three cases I) 0 <α _v <π / 2, II) α _v = π / 2, III) π / 2 <α _v <are used to determine the optimum range O _{s of} the simultaneous maximization of both viewing angles ε _v and ε _h π and to differentiate between the subcases, how the radius R: = max {d, η _h } lies with the other two parameters γ _v and ξ _v . In case I) with γ _v <ξ _v these are the subcases 1) R ≤ γ _v , 2) γ _v <R <ξ _v and 3) R ≥ ξ _v . For example, in case I.2), which mainly occurs in practice and shown in the figure, the optimality range O _s consists of the two intersection points S = (x *, y *) and Ŝ = (x *, - y *) of the circular arcs K. _R and K _v .

Examples

Apparent sizes of the sun, moon, planets and ISS in comparison

example	Angle of view in degrees (sorted by maximum)	Arc minutes	Size comparison (picture)
Entire field of view of the healthy human eye	130 ° -150 °
Seen from the surface of the earth, a rainbow occupies a maximum of a semicircle.	84 ° × 42 °		Rainbow with 18mm wide-angle lens .
Your own fist with your thumb stretched out on your arm	approx. 10 °		Estimating angles by hand: 10 °, 20 °, 5 °, 1 °
Andromeda Galaxy (photographic)	approx. 3 °	186.2 ′	Photo montage for size comparison with the moon
the width of your own thumb on the outstretched arm	1.5-2 °
the area of keen vision in humans	approx. 1 °
The diameter of the full moon or the solar disk as seen from the earth.	approx. 0.5 °	approx. 32 ′	Apparent size of the sun and moon in comparison
The diameter of the Landolt ring for a vision of 50%		10 ′
Horsehead Nebula		approx. 8 ′
Edge length of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field		approx. 3 ′
Tennis ball 100 m away		approx. 2.5 ′
Venus in lower conjunction		1.1 ′	Venus transit
Jupiter		29.8–50.1 ″ ( arc seconds )
International space station		0.75 ′ = 45 ″
For comparison: the resolution of the naked human eye under ideal conditions		0.5 ′ to 1 ′
Saturn		18.5 ″	Saturn compared to the moon in an occultation
Mars		13.9–24.2 ″
Mercury		4.5-13.0 ″	Mercury transit before the sun