Biehler Fort
Biehler Fort , also known as Biehler's unit fort or schema fort , is the name given to a Prussian fortress of the late 19th century that dates back to Hans Alexis von Biehler and was built several times in the same form. It is based on the basic form of a fortress, which has been used since the 17th century and is known as a lunette (two front and two flank walls) and replaced the New Prussian and bastionary systems in Germany. Around 70 of these standardized fortifications were built between 1870 and 1890.
history
Compared to the polygonal system of the New Prussian forts, these detached belt forts (outer forts) were embedded deeper in the surrounding area and extended over a significantly greater width. The fortress belt was significantly expanded in order to do justice to modern artillery - protection against the effects of drawn artillery. The forts of the new system combined ranged weapons and handguns in new ways. A potential trench crossing had to be fought vigorously, which had to be done by covered fire, against which the enemy could only inadequately take action with his field batteries. Because of the greater distance to the city, they were usually connected by means of a fortress railway.
The Prussian schema forts were built in large numbers in the German Empire from 1873 : The fortress belts of Cologne , Strasbourg , Posen , Thorn , Königsberg and Ingolstadt were built entirely from schema forts, the fortress belts of Metz , Küstrin , Spandau , Ulm , Mainz and Magdeburg only partially .
In the course of the explosive shell crisis in the 1880s, all forts were considered militarily devalued, so that they had to be massively rebuilt in the 1890s. They formed the counterpart to the French Barrière de fer in the south-west of the empire .
Fort VI Prinz Karl near Katharinenberg near Ingolstadt is a particularly well-preserved uniform fort .
literature
- Werner Lacoste: Attempt to compile forts, intermediate works and their further developments from 1872–1890 , which can be assigned to the era of Biehler ; in: Fortification. Journal of the study group for international fortress, military and protective structures e. V. ISSN 0931-0878 , edition 17, 2003, pp. 21-38.
- Peter Klein, Werner Lacoste: The Bieler'schen Niederwall-Forts. in: Fortification. Journal of the study group for international fortress, military and protective structures e. V. ISSN 0931-0878 Edition 18, 2004, pp. 4–28.
- Peter Klein, Werner Lacoste: Miscellings to the Biehler schema forts. in: Fortification - Journal of the study group for international fortifications, military and protective structures e. V. ISSN 0931-0878 Edition 19, 2005.
- Peter Klein, Werner Lacoste: Fort Biehler. A fortress between Mainz, Kastel and Wiesbaden. Wiesbaden, 2005 ISBN 3-928085-38-7
Individual evidence
- ↑ Klein / Lacoste: Fort Biehler , p. 10.