Bipalium adventitium

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Bipalium adventitium
Bipalium adventitium, anterior end above

Bipalium adventitium , anterior end above

Systematics
Class : Vortex worms (Turbellaria)
Order : Tricladida
Family : Land planarians (Geoplanidae)
Subfamily : Bipaliinae
Genre : Bipalium
Type : Bipalium adventitium
Scientific name
Bipalium adventitium
Hyman , 2005

Bipalium adventitium is a kind of the flatworms counting land planarians in the subfamily Bipaliinae . It isnativeto Asia and has more recentlyspreadto North America .

features

Most adult individuals of Bipalium adventitium are 5 to 8 centimeters in length. The head is widened like a fan. Bipalium adventitium can be easily distinguished from other species of the genus Bipalium , such as Bipalium kewense , because these species have a crescent-shaped head. The body is yellow to light brown in color and has a dark vertical stripe that does not run over the head.

nutrition

Bipalium adventitium is known to hunt earthworms . In order to catch the prey, it is possible for them to follow the earthworm's trail, which is created by chemical substances they release. Chemoreceptors are located on the head with which the trail left by the prey can be perceived. After an earthworm is found, the land planarie crawls over it and wraps its body around his to prevent it from escaping. In North America , where Bipalium adventitium is an invasive species , most earthworms do not recognize the planaria as a predator . They only try to escape when the planaria is with their pharynxenters her body. This is the reason why Bipalium adventitium is a successful species in the new habitat.

In a study it could be proven that Bipalium adventitium contains the strong neurotoxin tetrodotoxin , which was first discovered in puffer fish . The land planaria was, with the related Bipalium kewense, the first land-living organism in which the poison was found. However, it is unknown whether this poison plays a role in protecting against enemies or in catching prey.

Two individuals of Bipalium adventitium wrap around each other, possibly when mating.
Bipalium adventitium from Montréal, Quebec, Canada

Reproduction

In contrast to the land planaria Bipalium kewense , which reproduces asexually , Bipalium adventitium reproduces sexually . Presumably there is only one mating period per year. As with most land planarians, internal fertilization occurs when two individuals mate. The eggs are laid as egg capsules, from which one to six young animals hatch after about three weeks.

distribution

Originally native to Asia , the species was probably unintentionally introduced to the northern states of the USA in the 20th century and has since proliferated there. Bipalium adventitium is particularly common in suburbs and in facilities where exotic plants are grown . In 2019, the species was first detected in Montréal , Canada .

etymology

The generic name Bipalium 'double spade', composed of Latin bi- 'twice' and pala 'shovel', refers to the shovel-shaped front end of the representatives of this genus, the type epitheton adventitium , coming from outside, foreign, foreign 'to the introduction from a distant place Country.

Web links

Commons : Bipalium adventitium  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Libbie Henrietta Hyman: Endemic and exotic land planarians in the United States with a discussion of necessary changes of names in the Rhynchodemidae . In: American Museum Novitates . tape 1241 , 1943, pp. 1-21 .
  2. ^ A b c Peter K. Ducey & Stacey Noce: Successful invasion of New York State by the terrestrial flatworm, Bipalium adventitium . In: Northeastern Naturalist . tape 5 , no. 3 , 1998, p. 199-206 , doi : 10.2307 / 3858619 .
  3. ^ A b Cara Fiore, Jamie L. Tull, Sean Zehner & Peter K. Ducey: Tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium adventitium (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes) . In: Behavioral Processes . tape 67 , 2004, pp. 327–334 , doi : 10.1016 / s0376-6357 (04) 00138-x .
  4. ↑ Marilda C. Fernandes, Eliana P. Alvares, Patricia Gama & Marina Silveira: The sensory border of the land planarian Bipalium kewense (Tricladida, Terricola) . In: Belgium Journal of Zoology . tape 131 , no. 1 , 2001, p. 173-178 .
  5. ↑ Amber N. Stokes, Peter K. Ducey, Lorin Neuman-Lee, Charles T. Hanifin, Susannah S. French, Michael E. Pfrender, Edmund D. Brodie III, Edmund D. Brodie Jr: Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) . In: PLoS ONE . tape 9 , no. 6 , 2014, p. e100718 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0100718 .
  6. ↑ Peter K. Ducey, Lori-Jeanne West, Gina Shaw & Jacquelyn De Lisle: Reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium adventitium across North America . In: Pedobiologia . tape 49 , 2005, pp. 367-377 , doi : 10.1016 / j.pedobi.2005.04.002 .
  7. ^ Robert E. Ogren: Exotic land planarians of the genus Bipalium (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) from Pennsylvania and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia . In: Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science . tape 58 , no. 2 , 1984, p. 192-201 .
  8. ^ Jean-Lou Justine, Thomas Théry, Delphine Gey & Leigh Winsor: First record of the invasive land flatworm Bipalium adventitium (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Canada . In: Zootaxa . tape 4656 , no. 3 , 2019, p. 591-595 , doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa.4656.3.13 .
  9. ^ Karl Ernst Georges, Comprehensive Latin-German Concise Dictionary , 8th edition, Hanover 1913 (reprint Darmstadt 1998), Volume 1, Sp. 832
  10. ^ William Stimpson: On the genus Bipaliura . In: American Journal of Science and Arts Series 2 . tape 31 , 1861, p. 134-135 .
  11. ^ Karl Ernst Georges, Comprehensive Latin-German Concise Dictionary , 8th edition, Hanover 1913 (reprint Darmstadt 1998), Volume 1, Sp. 156