Braking parachute
A braking parachute , often incorrectly referred to as a braking parachute , is a device similar to a parachute , often on a vehicle or aircraft, which is specially designed for braking . Brake parachutes are extremely robust; the caps consist of - mostly cross-woven - textile bands. They are used during the landing of aircraft - usually shortly before or after touchdown - in order to shorten the landing taxi distance. In particular, combat aircraft that have no reverse thrust make use of the braking parachute.
history
The Italian aviation pioneer Giovanni Agusta , who developed a prototype as early as 1911, is considered the inventor of the braking parachute . The first known deployment took place on May 21, 1937 as part of the first Soviet Arctic expedition, in which a four-engine ANT-6 aircraft landed on a drifting ice floe at the pole with the help of a braking parachute to set up the “ North Pole-1 ” ice drift station . A few days later, three more aircraft of the same type landed there.
In Germany, the first tests with braking parachutes on aircraft were made in 1941 during the Second World War on the Me 210 V-14 and the Ju 52 (test report from E -stelle Rechlin). The Horten H IXb (Ho 229) was also equipped with a braking parachute around 1945.
Brake parachutes were part of the standard equipment of many military jet aircraft with increasingly larger weights to be braked; The long-range bombers developed in the late 1940s and 1950s such as the Boeing B-47 , B-52 or the Convair B-58 Hustler , a four-engine, supersonic bomber from the Cold War era , also had a braking parachute. With the French passenger aircraft Caravelle , for example, the braking parachute was used by Swissair for landings on short or wet runways until 1970, but it was unpopular with the crews due to the disruption of the usual operating procedures. A version of the Caravelle with thrust reverser was therefore offered as early as 1960 .
Todays use
The Eurofighter Typhoon has a landing distance of around 700 meters with a braking parachute.
In land vehicles, braking parachutes are used in acceleration competitions on dragsters to relieve the wheel brakes. You can generate a braking effect of up to 6 g .
Brake screens are attached in the middle of the rear of the vehicle so that no torque occurs around the vertical axis. Depending on the load, they are also used in bundles of two to four umbrellas.
When dropping - mostly military - freight (for example airborne tanks ) close to the ground, the braking parachutes pull special sleds out of a transport aircraft in order to then set them down on the ground. They act first as a braking parachute (horizontal) and then as a parachute .
Video: A BAE Hawk's braking parachute
Space shuttle Atlantis with braking parachute
The North American XB-70 used three braking parachutes at the same time
Opened stowage compartment of the parachute at the stern of a Jak-28
Storage compartment on the F-104G
The auxiliary parachute of a braking parachute, in the
middle the helical spring for faster opening
Brake parachute on the glider somersault
Dropping (low-level) cargo that is pulled out of the hold by a braking parachute
Brake screens on a jet-propelled truck
Stratospheric jump
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When space diving a small screen can be used, which prevents at very high speed in very thin atmosphere that Springer rotates about an axis transverse to the direction of fall. It serves to stabilize the orientation of the jumper's body in relation to the vector of his falling speed. A side effect is that this stabilization parachute also slows down the falling speed.
In a tandem jump , as well as in a military HALO jump, a small braking parachute is also used to stabilize the jumpers in free fall.
Ships
In shipping , sea anchors , which are similar to braking parachutes, are used underwater to reduce the drift or the forward movement of a ship or to shorten the stopping distance in the event of an emergency stop.
Running and other sports
- In sport, braking parachutes are used for resistance training both when running and swimming. In both cases of use, to achieve legroom and a good flow, leashed for a sufficient length of time with a strap or elastic cord on the back of a hip belt. The screen diameter is about 50 to 100 cm in air and 20 to 70 cm in viscous water.
- When wind start of a glider is at the end of the steel cable a brake or parachute used. After the rope has been released by the sailor, the rope is braked by the glider if it falls. The cable winch can haul in the cable under tension and wind it onto the cable drum without errors. When towing aircraft, on the other hand, dynamic synthetic fiber ropes are used without an umbrella and are hauled in after the glider is released into the tow plane or thrown from a low height before landing.
- If a towed banner is thrown off, the fluttering banner itself acts as a braking element.
- Dragons have one or more tails, which can be designed as a ribbon or cord with tassels or as a windsock. Alternatively, a wind turbine can also be installed, a little umbrella whose twisted sectors make it rotate when the wind flows in. When shaped accordingly, wind turbines sometimes have the form and function of a braking parachute.
- Hang-gliders can also use braking parachutes when landing to shorten the landing distance.
Resistance training with a braking parachute
Cross brake parachute on the winch tow rope
Kite with a stabilizing tail
Windsock on the kite line
Big turbine
Brake balloon
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Brake balloon
Under certain circumstances, a braking balloon ( ballute ) can take over the function of a braking parachute . For example, when a light camera falls or a probe descends in the atmosphere of a celestial body. The space probe Spirit landed on January 4, 2004 using braking balloons, jumping 28 jumps on Mars.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinz J. Nowarra: The German Air Armament 1933-1945. Bernard & Graefe Verlag, ISBN 3-7637-5464-4 .
- ↑ www.bredow-web.de
- ↑ Picture of a hang glider with a braking parachute
- ↑ Ballute is a suitcase word derived from the English "balloon" and "parachute" (parachute)