Bukhara deer
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Bukhara deer ( Cervus hanglu bactrianus ) |
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| Lydekker , 1900 |
The Buchara deer ( Cervus hanglu bactrianus ) or Bactrian red deer is a subspecies of the China red deer ( Cervus hanglu ). It is common in Central Asia and was originally considered a subspecies of the red deer ( Cervus elaphus )
description
The Buchara deer reaches a length of 210 cm; the height at the withers is 120 cm. The tail is 22 cm long. Its weight is between 120 and 200 kg. The coat color varies from reddish brown in summer to grayish in winter. Tail and mirror are whitish. A faint speckled pattern can be seen in the females. The young are noticeably spotted. The legs are quite short. The yellowish antlers are not as pronounced as those of its European relatives. It has a simple long end fork and the ice sprout is absent.
Distribution, subspecies status and habitat
Its earlier distribution area included Turkmenistan , the Amu-Darja region in the triangle of Afghanistan , Uzbekistan ( Kashkadarja , Samarqand ) and Tajikistan, as well as the Syr-Darja region in Kazakhstan . No current figures are available for Afghanistan due to the war. Its habitat are bank deciduous forests, alluvial forests and semi-deserts.
The jark deer ( Cervus hanglu yarkandensis ), which is sometimes regarded as identical to the Bukhara deer , had already been declared extinct. However, we now know of around 5000 animals living in the Tarim Basin . This subspecies is considered critically endangered.
Way of life
A calf is usually born after a gestation period of 238 to 245 days. Its diet consists of grasses, herbs and leaves.
Systematics
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Internal systematics of red deer according to Meiri et al. 2018
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The Buchara deer is a subspecies of the Chinese red deer ( Cervus hanglu ) from the genus of the noble deer ( Cervus ). The Chinese red deer in turn contains the Jarken deer ( Cervus hanglu yarkandensis ) and the Kashmiri deer ( Cervus hanglu hanglu ) as further subspecies . For a long time the Bukhara deer was considered a subspecies of the red deer ( Cervus elaphus ). Especially in the course of the 20th century, the red deer was united with the elk within the species Cervus elaphus . This species would have had a continuous distribution from Eurasia to North America. Proof of this view was, among other things, that these deer were able to produce offspring capable of procreating one another. DNA studies show that the red deer can be divided into two clades, a western group with the red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) from Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor and an eastern group with the elk ( Cervus canadensis ) from East Asia and North America. The Central Asian red deer with the Bukhara and Jarken deer are more closely related to the western red deer, but form an original subgroup. According to these studies, both deer forms are closely related and could possibly also be combined into a single species, which should be named Cervus yarkandensis due to the priority of the name . The ancestors of the two deer forms split off from the other representatives of the western red deer around 3 million years ago. In 2011, a revision of the deer , which had been worked out by Colin Peter Groves and Peter Grubb , raised the Buchara deer and the Jarken deer to species status. Four years later, another genetic study showed that the Kashmiri deer also belongs to the close relationship with the Bukhara and Jarken deer (originally it was counted among the elk). Assuming that these three deer species form a single species, this is then called Cervus hanglu . "China red deer" was proposed as a German trivial name for the extensive species (although the term originally meant a species construct from Kashmiri deer and East Asian elk in 2011).
Danger
It used to be widespread in the floodplains in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The Caspian tiger was one of his natural enemies . The destruction of alluvial forests and trophy hunters have caused the populations to shrink considerably. The absolute low of the population was reached in the mid-1960s. At that time there were only about 300–400 animals left. Apart from a few tiny residual populations, the subspecies was then restricted to the Tigrowaja-Balka Nature Reserve and the Aral-Paigamba Reserve. By 1977 the populations recovered thanks to effective protective measures and the animals could be resettled in several reserves. Twelve animals were also settled in the Ramit reserve in 1960/61, which actually does not have any significant stocks of river vegetation (Tugai), which otherwise represent the typical habitat of the Bukhara deer. The fact that the animals reproduced well here suggests that the Bukhara deer originally also inhabited the mountains of the region. By 1977 the number of deer had increased again to more than 900 animals. Persistent poaching and the collapse of the Soviet Union led to drastic population declines since the late 1980s. At the end of the 1990s, the populations had fallen to 350–400 animals in all of Central Asia, almost reaching the low point of the 1960s. With the support of WWF, the populations recovered to around 1,000 animals by 2006. The deer have now been resettled in other protected areas, such as the Altyn-Emel National Park in Kazakhstan.
Thanks to the efforts of the Cologne Zoo , which maintains the international stud book for this deer species, a European conservation breeding program was created that increased the population in European zoos to 80 individuals. With the help of a scientific institute for wildlife biology from France, a breeding station was created in Uzbekistan, in which the population is increasing again. In the Tigrowaja Balka Reserve in Tajikistan the population in 2011 was between 130 and 270 specimens according to different estimates.
swell
Single receipts
- ↑ a b Meirav Meiri, Pavel Kosintsev, Keziah Conroy, Shai Meiri, Ian Barnes and Adrian Lister: Subspecies dynamics in space and time: A study of the complex reddeer using ancient and modern DNA andmorphology. Journal of Biogeography 45, 2018, pp. 367-380, doi: 10.1111 / jbi.13124
- ↑ Christian J. Ludt, Wolf Schroeder, Oswald Rottmann, and Ralph Kuehn: Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31, 2004, pp. 1064-1083, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2003.10.003
- ^ A b Christian Pitra, Joerns Fickel, Erik Meijaard and P. Colin Groves: Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 2004, pp. 880-895
- ↑ Colin Groves and Peter Grubb: Ungulate Taxonomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, pp. 1–317 (SS 71–107)
- ↑ Rita Lorenzini and Luisa Garofalo: Insights into the evolutionary history of Cervus (Cervidae, tribe Cervini) based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial marker sequences, with first indications for a new species. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 53 (4), 2015, pp. 340-349 doi : 10.1111 / jzs.12104
- ^ S. Mattioli: Family Cervidae (Deer). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , pp. 350–443 (pp. 421–422)
- ↑ Connor J. Burgin, Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Thomas E. Lacher and Wes Sechrest (Eds.): Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World. Lynx Edicions, 2020, p. 314
- ^ IUCN Survival Service Commission. Deer Specialist Group: Threatened deer: proceedings of a working meeting of the Deer Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission on the IUCN Threatened Deer Program and a dossier on the planning of restoration programs for threatened mammals with special reference to deer, held at Longview, Washington State, USA, September 26-October 1, 1977 . Morges, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1978. ISBN 2880322014
- ^ National report of Tajikistan on the first meeting of the signatories of the Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation and Restoration of the Bukhara Deer (Cervus elaphus bactrianus) , Bergen, Norway, November 20, 2011 (Russian, PDF ; accessed August 16, 2011)
