Real deer

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Real deer
Red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Red deer ( Cervus elaphus )

Systematics
Order : Artiodactyla (Artiodactyla)
Subordination : Ruminants (ruminantia)
without rank: Forehead weapon bearer (Pecora)
Family : Deer (Cervidae)
Subfamily : Cervinae
Tribe : Real deer
Scientific name
Cervini
Goldfuss , 1820

The real deer (Cervini) are a tribe of deer (Cervidae). Most of the 40 species in this group currently live in Eurasia , with a smaller proportion in North America . The best known of these are the red deer and the fallow deer .

features

They are characterized by a “ plesiometacarpale ” toe position (that is, only the proximal (adjacent to the foot) parts of the smaller 2nd and 5th toes are present). They share this feature with the Muntjak deer , who are their closest relatives, but from whom they differ significantly in terms of their larger, more branched antlers.

Systematics

The following genera and species are distinguished:

  • Genus Axishirsche or Spotted Deer ( Axis C. H. Smith , 1827)
  • Axishirsch or Chital ( Axis axis ( Erxleben , 1777))
  • Axis porcinus group
  • Genus Elaphurus Milne-Edwards , 1866
  • Genus red deer or red deer ( Cervus Linnaeus , 1758)
  • White-lipped deer ( Cervus albirostris Przewalski , 1883; also Przewalskium albirostris )
  • Cervus elaphus group (western red deer)
  • Cervus canadensis group (eastern red deer and elk)
  • Alashan elk ( Cervus alashanicus Bobrinskii & Flerov , 1935)
  • Elk ( Cervus canadensis Erxleben , 1777)
  • Scechuan deer ( Cervus macneilli Lydekker , 1909)
  • Tibetan Red Deer or Schou ( Cervus wallichii Cuvier , 1823)
  • Isubra deer ( Cervus xanthopygus Milne-Edwards , 1867)
  • Cervus nippon group (Sika deer )
  • Cervus unicolor group (Sambar deer)
  • Prince Alfred Hirsch ( Cervus alfredi Sclater , 1870; also Rusa alfredi )
  • Mindoro Sambar ( Cervus barandanus ( Heude , 1888); also Rusa barandana )
  • Sumatran Sambar ( Cervus equinus G. Cuvier , 1823; also Rusa equina )
  • Philippines deer ( Cervus mariannus Desmarest , 1822; also Rusa marianna )
  • Mindanao Sambar ( Cervus nigellus ( Hollister , 1913); also Rusa nigella )
  • Maned Deer ( Cervus timorensis de Blainville , 1822; also Rusa timorensis )
  • Sambar ( Cervus unicolor Kerr , 1792; also Rusa unicolor )

The real deer system is complex. The genera Elaphorus , Rucervus and Rusa were originally combined in a common genus, the red deer ( Cervus ). Based on studies of the relationship between the red deer and representatives of other deer genera, which were mainly presented by BC Emerson and ML Tate in 1993, the genus was recognized as paraphyletic . According to the analyzes, the sambar deer ( Rusa ) were more closely related to the fallow deer ( Dama ) and the axis deer ( Axis ) than to other noble deer . The red deer and the sika deer should in turn form a common clade with the David deer . Taking this into account, this family group was divided into the four genera Cervus , Elaphorus , Rucervus and Rusa . Later investigations showed, however, that the genus Rucervus is also paraphyletic in its definition at the time and is on the one hand connected to the axis deer (Barasinghas), on the other hand is close to the noble deer (lyre deer). As a result, the latter was split off as the genus Panolia . The sambar deer, on the other hand, turned out to be deeper embedded in the red deer than initially assumed. The same applies to the white-lipped deer, which is often still endured with the independent genus Przewalskium . Here, too, genetic data show that the species is deeply anchored in the genus Cervus , which means that both Rusa and Przewalskium are now counted among the red deer. Alternatively, there is a suggestion that the entire kinship complex with Elaphurus and Panolia should be brought back together to form Cervus .

Genetic studies have also resulted in some red deer subspecies now being given species status. Red deer , elk and Hangule you ordered all as Cervus elaphus and assumed a continuous spread of Eurasia to North America. The evidence for this thesis was that these deer could produce fertile offspring among themselves. DNA tests on hundreds of animals have led to a different species classification: According to this, there are several larger kin groups within the former species Cervus elaphus , on the one hand the western red deer ( Cervus elaphus group) with a distribution in Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, on the other hand the eastern ones Include elk disease ( Cervus canadensis group) with a distribution in eastern North Asia and North America. The latter are also closer to the sika deer ( Cervus nippon group). Because of this, during a revision of the deer in 2011, numerous former subspecies of Cervus elaphus were raised to species status.

literature

  • Colin Groves and Peter Grubb: Ungulate Taxonomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, pp. 1–317 (SS 71–107)
  • S. Mattioli: Family Cervidae (Deer). In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , pp. 350-443
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .

Web links

Commons : Cervinae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ S. Mattioli: Family Cervidae (Deer). In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , pp. 350-443
  2. ^ A b c Colin Groves and Peter Grubb: Ungulate Taxonomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, pp. 1–317 (SS 71–107)
  3. ^ BC Emerson and ML Tate: Genetic Analysis of Evolutionary Relationships Among Deer (Subfamily Cervinae). Journal of Heredity 84, 1993, pp. 266-273
  4. ↑ a b Christian J. Ludt, Wolf Schroeder, Oswald Rottmann and Ralph Kuehn: Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31, 2004, pp. 1064-1083 ( http://www.wzw.tum.de/wildbio/paper/cerphyl.pdf#search=%22Barbary%20red%20deer%22 ( memorial from November 30th 2007 in the Internet Archive ) )
  5. ^ A b Christian Pitra, Joerns Fickel, Erik Meijaard and P. Colin Groves: Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 2004, pp. 880-895
  6. ↑ a b Alexandre Hassanin, Frédéric Delsuc, Anne Ropiquet, Catrin Hammer, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren, Conrad Matthee, Manuel Ruiz-Garcia, François Catzeflis, Veronika Areskoug, Trung Thanh Nguyen and Arnaud Couloux: Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia , Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes. Comptes Rendus Palevol 335, 2012, pp. 32-50
  7. ^ A b Colin P. Groves: The genus Cervus in eastern Eurasia. European Journal of Wildlife Research 52 (2), 2006, pp. 14-22