Australian plownose chimera
| Australian plownose chimera | ||||||||||||
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Australian plownose chimera ( Callorhinchus milii ) |
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| Callorhinchus milii | ||||||||||||
| Bory de Saint-Vincent , 1823 |
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The Australian plownose chimera ( Callorhinchus milii ) is a species from the genus of the plownose chimera ( Callorhinchus ), which belongs to the sea cats within the cartilaginous fish . In English it is known by different names: Australian Ghostshark , Elephant Shark , Elephant Fish , Reperepe and Whitefish .
description
The length of the fully grown specimens is around 1.20 meters. The males become sexually mature at a length of 50 to 65 centimeters, the females at around 70 centimeters.
This species has three different types of cones for color vision on the retina of the eye (like the human eye ). There is a very sharp fin spine in its dorsal fin. This is said to be poisonous, but so far only mechanical injuries have been reported.
distribution
The Australian plownose chimera is native to the waters of Australia's south coast, including Tasmania and the areas south of the East Cape and Kaipara Harbor in New Zealand . They are found there in coastal areas and bays down to a depth of around 200 m below sea level .
Way of life
From spring to autumn, the sexually mature animals migrate along the coasts to find suitable river mouths and bays for laying eggs. The females lay their eggs on the sandy or muddy seabed. The eggs are in large yellowish capsules. The capsule will open a little so that the seawater can get to the eggs. This allows the young fish to mature better in the eggs. The capsule expands to about 12 centimeters in length after six to eight months.
fishing
In New Zealand, the Australian plownose chimeras are commercially exploited, especially in spring and summer. They are easy prey for fishermen because they live in shallow coastal waters. In Australia they are caught in shark nets.
A particularly large number are captured in the Bass Strait and in the southeast of Tasmania, although the fishermen are actually on the hunt for the smooth shark Mustelus antarcticus . Most of the Australian plownose chimeras captured as bycatch are thrown back into the sea dead because market prices are too low.
They are also popular prey for recreational fishermen who hunt in Western Bay (Victoria) and the coastal waters of Southeast Tasmania. Their white fillets are very popular in New Zealand fish and chip restaurants.
Hazardous situation
The Australian plownose chimera is included in the Red List of Endangered Species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) and the stocks are regularly examined. However, it is currently classified as Least Concern .
Gene sequence
The genome of the Australian plownose chimera has been completely sequenced by an international team of researchers led by Byrappa Venkatesh . The genome of the cartilaginous fish was compared with that of other vertebrates . The rate of change within the genome was estimated to be very low in view of the more than 400 million year old evolutionary history since the sea cats split off from the sharks . However, this statement is countered by fundamental adaptations in the anatomical structure and immunobiology of the Australian plownose chimera.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Callorhinchus milii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.1. Posted by: M. Reardon, TI Walker & MP Francis (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003), 2003. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
- ^ A b Kurt Bayer: Boy hospitalized by fish spike . The New Zealand Herald, April 13, 2012, accessed June 30, 2014
- ↑ Australian plownose chimera on Fishbase.org (English)
- ↑ Byrappa Venkatesh, Ewen F. Kirkness, Yong-Hwee Loh, Aaron L. Halpern, Alison P. Lee, Justin Johnson, Nidhi Dandona, Lakshmi D. Viswanathan, Alice Tay, J. Craig Venter, Robert L. Strausberg, Sydney Brenner : Survey Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Elephant Shark (Callorhinchus milii) Genome . PLoS Biol 5, 4, e101, 2007 doi : 10.1371 / journal.pbio.0050101
- ↑ Byrappa Venkatesh, Alison P. Lee, Vydianathan Ravi, Ashish K. Maurya, Michelle M. Lian, Jeremy B. Swann, Yuko Ohta, Martin F. Flajnik, Yoichi Sutoh, Masanori Kasahara, Shawn Hoon, Vamshidhar Gangu, Scott W. Roy, Manuel Irimia, Vladimir Korzh, Igor Kondrychyn, Zhi Wei Lim, Boon-Hui Tay, Sumanty Tohari, Kiat Whye Kong, Shufen Ho, Belen Lorente-Galdos, Javier Quilez, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Brian J. Raney et al. : Elephant shark genome provides unique insights into gnathostome evolution. Nature, 505, pp. 174-179, January 9, 2014 doi : 10.1038 / nature12826
- ↑ Martin Vieweg: Sequenced: Plownose chimera beats the record for slow evolution . Science image from January 9, 2014, accessed June 29, 2014
- ^ Bob Holmes: Elephant shark takes record for slowest evolution . New Scientist, January 8, 2014, accessed June 30, 2014
literature
- Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent : Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle. Volume 3, pp. 61–62, Paris 1823 (first description)
- Jürg M. Brunnschweiler: What sharks are: Aspects of cartilaginous fish biology. Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen 2005, p. 52 ISBN 3865376622
Web links
- Callorhinchus milii inthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.1. Posted by: M. Reardon, TI Walker & MP Francis (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003), 2003. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
- Australian plownose chimera on Fishbase.org (English)
- Callorhinchus milii in the ITIS report. Integrated Taxonomy Information System,accessed June 30, 2014.
- First shark genome decoded , Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics from January 8, 2014, accessed on June 29, 2014
- Brendan Borrell: Why sharks have no bones. Elephant shark's genome - the first of a cartilaginous fish - exposes early evolution of vertebrates . Nature, News, January 8, 2014, accessed June 30, 2014
- Callorhinchus milii fact sheet and picture, accessed June 30, 2014