Banu Khazradsch
The Banū Khazradsch ( Arabic بنو خزرج, DMG Banū Ḫazraǧ , also Banu Khazradj , Banu Khasradsch , Banu Khazraj , Banu Khazraj , Banu Hasradsch , Banu Khazradj ) were an Arab tribe residing in Yathrib ( Medina ), who under their leader Saʿd ibn ʿUbāda ibn Dulaim the Prophet Mohammed after his exodus from Mecca . They had formed an alliance with the Jewish tribe of Banū Qainuqāʿ . The Banū Aus and the Chazradsch also called themselves Banū Qaila , since they all descended from the same ancestor , Qaila. Among the Arabs in the time of Muhammad, the term Khazradsch was also used for the Banu Aus.
Situation before the arrival of Muhammad
The Khazradsch and Banu Aus probably immigrated to Yathrib from southern Arabia in the fifth century . At first they were subject to the Jews who were already resident there ( Banu Quraiza , Banu Nadir and Banu Qainuqa ). However, they were able to make the long-established Jewish population dependent and became masters of the city. Later, various sub-tribes of the Chazradsch and the Aus quarreled, with the Banu Aus with the Banū Quraiẓa and Banū ʾl-Naḍīr, who allied the Chazradsch with the Banū Qainuqāʿ. At the time of the hijra a certain calm had returned after long struggles, but it was based only on mutual exhaustion and not on a peace agreement.
The deaths of Abu Talib and Khadijah
619 , three years before the Hijra , with Khadijah (Muhammad's first wife) and Abū Tālib ibn ʿAbd al-Muttalib (leader of the Hashim clan / younger brother of Mohammed's father and father of Ali ibn Abi Talib ) Mohammed's protector died in Mecca. After that, Abu Lahab ibn Abdalmuttalib led the Hashim clan and no longer granted him protection. Mohammed had to look for new protectors because he vilified the gods of the Meccans and thus drew the wrath of the residents. He looked for them among the Arab tribes and found them that year at Aqaba among the Khazradsch.
The homage from Aqaba
The sub-groups of the Khazradsch, the Nadjjar, Salama and Harith, were the first Medinese who came into contact with Mohammed when he offered himself to the Arabs during the annual pilgrimage. They hoped through him to end the long-standing quarrel in Medina. According to the prophet biographer Ibn Ishaq , many Khazradsch accepted Islam because they believed Muhammad to be the prophet with whom the Jews of Medina threatened them again and again in a dispute. They wanted to be the first to ally with him so that the Jewish threat would not come true.
One year after this meeting in Aqaba (a hill near the pilgrimage site in Mecca), 12 Medinese paid homage to Mohammed (first homage from Aqaba), but without signing a war alliance. Then Mohammed sent Musab ( Musʿab ibn ʿUmair ) to Medina, where he taught Islam to many Aus and Khazradsch.
Another year later, at the second homage from Aqaba, a protective and war alliance was concluded under the command of Muhammad, which, according to Ibn Ishaq, meant a revocation of the previous Medinan alliances (e.g. with the Jews). At this homage, nine men from the Khazradsch tribe and three from the Aus were appointed leaders of their people. After paying homage to Aqaba, Mohammed said that Allah had now allowed him to wage war, which is expressed in Suras 22, 39–41 and 2, 139. Thus he and the Muhâjirûn, who were previously dependent on the help of the al-Ansar, since they deprived themselves of all means of subsistence by emigrating from Mecca, through caravan raids.
The Khazradsch and the Hijra
After the second homage from Aqaba, the way was prepared for Mohammed and he carried out his hijra (emigration) to Medina.
The Jewish tribes and the Medinians, who continued to believe in their ancient gods after most of the Medineans adopted Islam, opposed it. The Jewish rabbis tried to dissuade the Muslims from Islam, just as the Muslims tried to convert the Jews and the "idol worshipers" to Islam. To those who turned away from Islam, Muhammad revealed sura 9:74.
Caravan raids and the expulsion of the Banu Qainuqa and Banu Nadir
In the 12th month in Medina Mohammed led the first caravan raids against the Quraish with the Khazradsch and Aus . a. the Battle of Badr and the Battle of Uhud . After returning from the Battle of Badr, they drove out the Banu Qainuqa and after the Battle of Uhud also the Banu Nadir , both of whom had settled in Medina long before the Khazradsch and Aus.
The trench battle and the massacre of the Banu Quraiza
In 627 the Quraish waged a campaign of revenge against the Medinese and were repulsed in the battle of the trenches . After the battle of the trenches, the Khazradsch and Aus attacked the Banu Quraiza , whom they accused of breach of contract. After 25 days of siege, the Banu Quraiza gave up and were taken prisoner. All men were killed and all women and children were enslaved.
Khazradsch clans
Auf, Djusham, Harith, Sahm ibn Auf, Saida, Salama, Nadijar. The Nadijar were the most important sub-tribe of the Khazradsch.
Members
literature
- Islamic sources
- Ibn Ishaq, Gernot Rotter (translator): The life of the prophet. As-Sira An-Nabawiya. Spohr, Kandern in the Black Forest 1999, ISBN 3-927606-22-7 .
- Alfred Guillaume, trans. The Life of Muhammad: A translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955 (Reprint 2004), ISBN 0-19-636033-1 .
- German
- Lothar Rathmann (ed.): History of the Arabs - from the beginnings to the present. Volume 1 - Requirement, prosperity and decline of the Arab-Islamic feudal empire. Berlin 1975.
- English
- William Muir : The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam. London, 1856-1861. Online version (English)