Saʿd ibn ʿUbada

Abū Thābit Saʿd ibn ʿUbāda ibn Dulaim ibn Hāritha ( Arabic أبو ثابت سعد بن عبادة بن دليم بن حارثة, DMG Abū Ṯābit Saʿd ibnʿUbāda ibn Dulaim ibn Ḥāriṯa † 636 ) was a leader of the Yathrib Arab tribe of the Banu Khazradsch , of the Banū Sā'ida clan.

Its importance in the time of Muhammad

Saʿd ibn ʿUbāda was one of the first residents of Medina to join Mohammed and prepare his hijra . He was one of the few who could write, swim, and use a lance well. Such a person was already called in the Jāhilīya al-kāmil / plural: al-kamala, ie "the perfect one". He is said to have been one of the 12 Nuqabāʾ (representatives of the Medinese) who concluded a treaty for the protection of the Prophet with Mohammed at the meeting of al-ʿAqaba - between Mecca and Medina. Among the sources analyzed about this event, his name appears in Ibn Hisham . In the later biographies of the Prophet's Companions , such as Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr and Ibn Hajar al-ʿAsqalānī , he is always referred to as "naqīb" of the Medinan Ansār , probably following the isolated account of Ibn Hisham . Even Muhammad ibn Sa'd mentions him in the dedicated for the twelve Nuqabā' chapter of his class book.

From then on he remained one of the most important helpers of Muhammad and also supported him financially. His participation in the Battle of Badr is controversially narrated by early historians. In contrast, he took part in the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Trenches . In the battle of al-Muraysīʿ in 627, according to the report of al-Wāqidī , he was the standard - bearer of the Anṣār on behalf of the Prophet. Several times he was entrusted with important tasks by Mohammed, to whom, according to a report from Muhammad ibn Saʿd, he sent a bowl of food every day. Also according to Ibn Sa zufolged, he is said to have donated a potion in the mosque of the Prophet in Medina. He and his fellow tribesmen who have converted to Islam are said to have destroyed the idols of the Banū Sāʿida, of which he was a prominent representative in the Jāhilīya .

His role in the question of the successor

After the death of Mohammed, he was proposed as caliph by a large number of the Ansar, the Medinan followers and "helpers" of the Prophet, after his resettlement in Medina . The disputes over the question of the successor after the death of Muhammad took place in the "arcade (Saqīfa) of the Banū Sāʿida", at the place of residence of Saʿd ibn ʿUbāda. The rivalries between the Meccans and their Medinan hosts have been described in detail by the authors of the Sira and Maghazi literature in separate monographs called Kitāb as-Saqīfa - Abū Michnaf - and Kitāb as-Saqīfa wa-baiʿat Abī Bakr - al-Waqidi . Al-Balādhurī dedicates twenty pages to this event in his Ansāb al-ašrāf , where z. T. controversial reports together. Even the famous Medinese poet, Hassan ibn Thabit († around 661 or 670) from the Chazradsch tribe, appeared at this event with a ten-line poem and questioned the claims made by the Quraish to the caliphate, without against Abu Bakr to argue directly. His poems against the Meccan Quraish fall into the early Islamic period, some of which were written after the conquest of Mecca. However, since Sa ibd ibn ʿUbāda received neither full support from the Banū Aus nor from his own tribe, the Chazradsch, the historian Abu Michnaf concluded that he had to fail as a candidate.

Saʿd ibn ʿUbada stayed away from the official homage to Abu Bakr and did not recognize the election result. After his dispute with Umar ibn al-Chattab during his caliphate, he left Medina and emigrated to Hauran in Syria . He died there in 636 completely withdrawn; According to Islamic legend, he was killed there by a genie . His virtues and advantages during Muhammad's work have been passed down by Syrian traditionarians , who then summarized Ibn ʿAsākir on 33 pages in his city history of Damascus .

Some descendants of his son Qais ibn Saʿd ibn ʿUbāda probably settled in the 11th century in the area of Ronda , which at that time was called Tākrūna in the language of the Imazigh who lived there , and also with Jaén (Arabic: Ǧayyān), "in the village of the Ḫazraǧ ", settled in Al-Andalus . Among them, Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Muhammad ibn Aḥmad al-Ḫazraǧī (* around 1194 in Arjona , Jaén province ; † January 22, 1273 near Granada ) emerged as the founder of the Nasrid dynasty.

His contribution to early case law

Saʿd ibn ʿUbāda is said to have had a scripture (kitāb) which contained some of the legal customs of Muhammad; it was still known in the tradition of his descendants in the early 10th century and was u. a. used by the hadith scholar At-Tirmidhī . A legal norm valid in the Medinan jurisprudence around Mālik ibn Anas about the order to take the oath with only one witness (al-yamīn bi-sh-shāhid)اليمين بالشاهد / al-yamīn bi-š-šāhid - ie complainant oath with a testimony - is said to have been handed down as a legal directive of Muhammad in this document.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Ibn Saad: Biographies . Vol III. Part 2. (ed. Josef Horovitz), Brill, Leiden 1904. S. XXVII under Rāfiʿ ibn Mālik; Fuat Sezgin: History of Arabic Literature. Brill, Leiden 1967. Vol. 1, p. 275 - in the vita of his son Saʿīd, who appears in the hadith literature as a narrator after his father
2. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill, suffering. Vol. 1, p. 314.
3. ^ W. Montgomery Watt: Muhammad at Mecca . Oxford 1953. pp. 144ff.
4. ↑ Gertrud Melamede: The Meetings at al-'Aqaba . In: Uri Rubin (ed.): The Life of Muḥammad. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 4. Ashgate Variorum 1998. pp. 105ff; esp. p. 125. See also: Le monde oriental 28 (Uppsala 1934), pp. 17–58
5. ↑ Ibn Saad: Biographies . Vol. III. Part 2. (ed. Josef Horovitz), Brill, Leiden 1904. S.XXVI-XXVII
6. ^ Uri Rubin: The Life of Muḥammad and the Islamic Self-Image. A Comparative Analysis of an Episode in the Campaigns of Badr and al-Ḥudaibiya, In: Harald Motzki (ed.): The Biography of Muḥammad . The Issue of Sources. Brill, Leiden 2000. pp. 3-17; especially p. 14
7. ↑ See: GHA Juynboll: The Qurʾān Reciter on the Battlefield and Concomitant Issues . In: Journal of the German Oriental Society (ZDMG) 125 (1975), p. 26
8. ↑ Ibn Saad: Biographies . Vol. III. Part 2. (ed. Josef Horovitz), Brill, Leiden 1904. S.XXVI (summary in German)
9. ↑ Ibn Saad, op. Cit. S. XXVI.
10. ↑ Michael Lecker: Idol worship in pre-Islamic Medina (Yathrib) . In: Le Muséon. Revue d'Études Orientales. 106 (1993), p. 341 - after Ibn Sa'd
11. ↑ Part 2. Ed. Wilfred Madelung. Wiesbaden 2003. p. 5ff.
12. ↑ Fuat Sezgin: History of Arabic literature , Vol. 2 (poetry), Brill, Leiden 1975. pp. 289-292
13. ↑ Miklos Muranyi: A New Report on the Election of the First Caliph Abu Bakr . In: Arabica 25 (1978), pp. 233-260; esp. pp. 249-250
14. ^ The History of al-Ṭabarī: An Annotated Translation. Vol. X: The Conquest of Arabia . Translated by Fred M. Donner. New York 1993. p. 8
15. ↑ See: Michael Lecker: King Ibn Ubayy and the Quṣṣāṣ . In: Herbert Berg (Ed.): Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Brill, Leiden 2003. p. 30, note 2; G. Lecomte: Sur une relation de la Saqīfa attribuée a Ibn Qutayba. In: Studia Islamica (SI), 31 (1970), pp. 171-183.
16. ↑ Ibn Saad, op. Cit. , P. XXVII
17. ↑ Taʾrīḫ madīnat Dimašq . Beirut 1995. Vol. 20, pp. 237-240
18. ↑ Not to be confused with the Berber settlement of the same name west of Enfidha in Tunisia
19. ↑ Ibn al-Ḫaṭīb, Lisān ad-Dīn: al-Iḥāṭa fī aḫbār Ġarnāṭa . Ed. Būziyānī ad-Darrāǧī. Alger, n.d., Volume 2, pp. 362-363. Ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ʿInān. Cairo 1974. Volume 2, pp. 93-94 about his descent at the beginning of his vita. See also: Gustav Flügel : An Arabic Inscription in Granada . In: Journal of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (ZDMG), Volume 14 (1860), pp. 358–359
20. ^ Fuat Sezgin: History of Arabic literature. Vol. 1. Brill Leiden 1967. pp. 253 and 395 after Ignaz Goldziher: Muhammedanische Studien . Vol. 1, pp. 9-10. Hall as 1890
21. ↑ Joseph Schacht: The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudenz. Oxford 1967. pp. 168-169

literature

• The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Brill, suffering. Vol. 8, p. 698 (Saʿd b. ʿUbāda)
• Gertrud Mélamède: The Meetings at al-ʿAqaba. In: Uri Rubin (Ed.): The Life of Muḥammad. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 4. Ashgate Variorum 1998. pp. 105ff
• Miklos Muranyi : A New Report on the Election of the First Caliph Abū Bakr. In: Arabica 25 (1978), pp. 233-260