Muhammad ibn Saʿd

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Muhammad ibn Saʿd Arabic محمد بن سعد بن منيع البصري ، أبو عبد الله, DMG Muḥammad b. Saʿd b. Manīʿ al-Baṣrī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh (born 784 in Basra ; died 845 in Baghdad ) was an Arab historian and well-known disciple of al-Wāqidī .

Life

Little is known about his life. In his younger years he lived in Medina for a while , later he joined the circle of the historian and maghazi author al-Wāqidī in Baghdad and was its secretary. He is also known as "the scribe of al-Wāqidī" katib al-Waqidi  /كاتب الواقدي / kātibu ʾl-Wāqidī became known. He also studied the Koranic readings, the so-called ḥurūf, in the circle of his teacher. His book on the biography of the prophets is mainly based on the writings of al-Wāqidī and on the biography of the prophet of Ibn Ishāq in a review that is no longer available today, which he was able to supplement with further reports. The traditionarians and hadith critics have recognized him as a credible narrator of the statements of Muhammad .

Works

The big class register

His main work is the Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr (كتاب الطبقات الكبير / 'The great class register'), the first part of which is a detailed biography of the Prophet Mohammed . That is why it is also called a neighbors an-nabiy  /أخبار النبي / aḫbār an-nabiy  / called 'the reports about the Prophet', which he supplemented with the biographies of the Companions and their successors up to the year 844-845. The model for this was a book of the same name by al-Waqidi, which has no longer survived. Several copies of the work have been preserved in the review of his student Ibn Abi Usama (d. 895 in Baghdad). In another review, the work was used by Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr in Islamic Spain in the early 11th century . at-Tabarī evaluated his reports in his world history.

Some sections, which Ibn Sa'd only provided with the names of the people to be described, were filled in by his disciples. One of them, al-Huzain ibn Fahm (d. 902), even made an entry for him: “Mohammed ibn Sa'd, the disciple of al-Waqidi” ... “He is the one who wrote this book, the Class register, which he wrote, produced and provided with chapters and what is handed down (today) after him "

The development of this genre of historiography , which follows directly from the sira and maghazi literature, was originally not intended as a manual for traditional criticism, but rather as a source of early Islamic history - presented in the biographies of the first Muslim generations, initially in Mecca and Medina and then, in chronological and geographical order, in the conquered provinces.

This comprehensive work has been edited in the arrangement of the original by Eduard Sachau with the participation of German orientalists in eight volumes with a register volume: "Ibn Saad: Biographies of Muhammad, his companions and the later bearers of Islam up to the year 230 of the flight". Under the title variant at-tabaqat al-kubra  /الطبقات الكبرى / aṭ-ṭabaqāt al-kubrā  / 'The great class register' has been reprinted several times in the Orient, most recently in Beirut in 1968 .

A hitherto unknown manuscript of the work, which supplements the biographies of the successors of the Prophet 's companions and their descendants who lived in Medina , is under the title al-qism al-mutammim li-tabi'i ahl al-Madina wa-man ba ' then  /القسم المتمم لتابعي أهل المدينة ومن بعدهم / al-qism al-mutammim li-tābiʿī ahl al-madīna wa-man baʿda-hum was published in 1987 in Medina.

The work is divided according to the original as follows:

  • Volume I. Part 1: Biography of Muhammad until he escaped. (Ed. Eugen Wednesday ) Digitized ; Part 2: Biography of Muhammad. Events of his Medinan times, personal description and lifestyle. (Eds. Eugen Wednesday and Eduard Sachau). Digitized
  • Tape. II. Part 1: The campaigns of Muhammad. (Ed. Josef Horovitz ) digitized ; Part 2: Last illness, death and the burial of Muhammad, together with mourning poems about him. Biographies of those familiar with canon law and the Koran who worked in Medina during the Prophet's lifetime and in the following generation. (Ed. Friedrich Schwally ). Digitized
  • Tape. III. Part 1: Biographies of the Meccan fighters of Muhammad in the battle of Bedr. (Eduard Sachau); Part 2: Biographies of the Medinian fighters of Muhammad in the battle of Bedr. (Ed. Josef Horovitz). Digitization of the two parts
  • Volume IV. Part 1: Biographies of the Muhāǧirūn and the Anṣār who did not fight at Bedr, but converted early, all of whom emigrated to Abyssinia and then took part in the battle of Ohod. (Ed. Julius Lippert ); Part 2: Biographies of the comrades who converted before the conquest of Mecca, the last date when Islam was still voluntary and particularly meritorious (Ed. Julius Lippert). Digitization of the two parts
  • Volume V: The biographies of the successors in Medina, as well as the companions and successors in the rest of Arabia. (Ed. KV Zetterstéen). Digitized
  • Volume VI: Biographies of the Kufier. (Ed. KV Zetterstéen). Digitized
  • Volume VII. Part 1: Biographies of the Basrier. (Ed. Bruno Meissner ); Part 2: Biographies of the Basrians from third grade to the end and of the traditionarians in other parts of Islam. (Eduard Sachau). Digitization of the two parts
  • Volume VIII: Biographies of Women. (Ed. Carl Brockelmann ). Digitized
  • Volume IX: Indices, Part I: People digitized ; Part II: Place and people names, words of prophets, sentence beginnings, rhymes, verses from the Koran. Digitized
  • Digitized copies of all volumes

All volumes contain critical comments on the source edition and a short version of the biographies in German.

Other works

The kitab at-tabaqat as-saghir  /كتاب الطبقات الصغير / kitāb aṭ-ṭabaqāt aṣ-ṣaġīr  / 'The little class register' Ibn Sa'd probably wrote before the work mentioned above. At Ibn an-Nadim a kitab al-hiyal  /كتاب الحيل / kitāb al-ḥiyal , a book about "legal tweaks" in Islamic jurisprudence , which has no longer survived.

literature

  • Fuat Sezgin : History of Arabic Literature . Brill, Leiden 1967. Vol. 1, pp. 300-301
  • Otto Loth : Origin and meaning of the Ṯabaqāt, especially that of Ibn Saʿd. In: Journal of the German Oriental Society (ZDMG) 23 (1869), p. 593ff.
  • Franz Rosenthal : A History of Muslim Historiography. Brill, Leiden 1968. pp. 93ff.
  • Miklós Murányi : The comrades of the prophets in early Islamic history . Bonn 1973. pp. 142-147
  • The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Vol. 3, p. 922

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fuat Sezgin (1967), p. 300
  2. ↑ Fuat Sezgin (1967), p. 160
  3. ↑ Fuat Sezgin (1967), pp. 300-301
  4. ↑ JW Fück in: EI (2), Vol. 3, p. 922
  5. ↑ JW Fück in: EI (2), Vol. 3, p. 922
  6. ↑ See Volume 7, Part 2. p. 99 and the note on p. XLI as the last entry in the Baghdad class
  7. ↑ F. Rosenthal (1968), p. 922; M. Muranyi (1973), pp. 142-143
  8. ↑ Otto Loth (1869), p. 609.
  9. ↑ EJ Brill, Leiden 1904-1940; Fuat Sezgin (1967), p. 301
  10. ↑ Fuat Sezgin (1967), p. 301
  11. ↑ JW Fück in: EI (2), Vol. 3, p. 922
personal data
SURNAME Muhammad ibn Saʿd
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Arab historian
DATE OF BIRTH 784
PLACE OF BIRTH Basra
DATE OF DEATH 845
Place of death Baghdad