Chlorotoxin

Chlorotoxin
	according to PDB 1CHL
Mass / length primary structure	36 amino acids , 4,005 Da
Identifier
External IDs	UniProt : P45639 ;
Occurrence
Parent taxon	Leiurus quinquestriatus

Chlorotoxin is a neurotoxin from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (yellow Mediterranean scorpion ).

properties

Chlorotoxin is a protein and scorpion toxin . It binds to and inhibits chloride channels (presumably ClC-3 / CLCN3 ) and promotes endocytosis of the chloride channel via caveolae . Chlorotoxin binds to MMP2 (in complex with MMP14 and TIMP2 ) and lowers its concentration on the cell membrane . Chlorotoxin does not bind to MMP1 , MMP3 and MMP9 . It has four disulfide bridges between C 5:28, C16: C33, C20: C35 and C2: C19.

Chlorotoxin is structurally related to the toxin Bs-Tx7 from Buthus sindicus .

Applications

Chlorotoxin binds selectively to glioblastoma cells , which is why it is being studied for diagnosis and as an immunoconjugate for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Web links

MeSH chlorotoxin

Individual evidence

↑ JA DeBin, GR Strichartz: Chloride channel inhibition by the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus. In: Toxicon: official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. Volume 29, Number 11, 1991, pp. 1403-1408, PMID 1726031 .
↑ G. Lippens, J. Najib, SJ Wodak, A. Tartar: NMR sequential assignments and solution structure of chlorotoxin, a small scorpion toxin that blocks chloride channels. In: Biochemistry. Volume 34, Number 1, January 1995, pp. 13-21, PMID 7819188 .
^ SA Ali, M. Alam, A. Abbasi, EA Undheim, BG Fry, H. Kalbacher, W. Voelter: Structure-Activity Relationship of Chlorotoxin-Like Peptides. In: Toxins. Volume 8, number 2, February 2016, p. 36, doi : 10.3390 / toxins8020036 , PMID 26848686 , PMC 4773789 (free full text).
^ MR Stroud, SJ Hansen, JM Olson: In vivo bio-imaging using chlorotoxin-based conjugates. In: Current pharmaceutical design. Volume 17, Number 38, December 2011, pp. 4362-4371, PMID 22204434 , PMC 3272502 (free full text).
^ O. Cohen-Inbar, M. Zaaroor: Glioblastoma multiforme targeted therapy: The Chlorotoxin story. In: Journal of clinical neuroscience: official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. Volume 33, November 2016, pp. 52-58, doi : 10.1016 / j.jocn.2016.04.012 , PMID 27452128 .
↑ PG Ojeda, CK Wang, DJ Craik: Chlorotoxin: Structure, activity, and potential uses in cancer therapy. In: Biopolymers. Volume 106, Number 1, January 2016, pp. 25-36, doi : 10.1002 / bip.22748 , PMID 26418522 .

[1] JA DeBin, GR Strichartz: Chloride channel inhibition by the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus. In: Toxicon: official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. Volume 29, Number 11, 1991, pp. 1403-1408, PMID 1726031 .

[2] G. Lippens, J. Najib, SJ Wodak, A. Tartar: NMR sequential assignments and solution structure of chlorotoxin, a small scorpion toxin that blocks chloride channels. In: Biochemistry. Volume 34, Number 1, January 1995, pp. 13-21, PMID 7819188 .

[3] SA Ali, M. Alam, A. Abbasi, EA Undheim, BG Fry, H. Kalbacher, W. Voelter: Structure-Activity Relationship of Chlorotoxin-Like Peptides. In: Toxins. Volume 8, number 2, February 2016, p. 36, doi : 10.3390 / toxins8020036 , PMID 26848686 , PMC 4773789 (free full text).

[4] MR Stroud, SJ Hansen, JM Olson: In vivo bio-imaging using chlorotoxin-based conjugates. In: Current pharmaceutical design. Volume 17, Number 38, December 2011, pp. 4362-4371, PMID 22204434 , PMC 3272502 (free full text).

[5] O. Cohen-Inbar, M. Zaaroor: Glioblastoma multiforme targeted therapy: The Chlorotoxin story. In: Journal of clinical neuroscience: official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. Volume 33, November 2016, pp. 52-58, doi : 10.1016 / j.jocn.2016.04.012 , PMID 27452128 .

[6] PG Ojeda, CK Wang, DJ Craik: Chlorotoxin: Structure, activity, and potential uses in cancer therapy. In: Biopolymers. Volume 106, Number 1, January 2016, pp. 25-36, doi : 10.1002 / bip.22748 , PMID 26418522 .