Scorpio toxin

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A scorpion toxin is a toxin produced by scorpions .

properties

Scorpio toxins are neurotoxins and peptides . They consist of about 40 to 65 amino acids and are divided into short (usually with three disulfide bridges ) and long scorpion toxins (with four disulfide bridges). They bind to ion channels such as B. Sodium and Potassium channels . Either the self-inactivation of the ion channel is inhibited, which means that it remains open permanently, or the pore of the ion channel is blocked. Scorpion toxins are structurally similar to the defensins formed by insects .

Sodium channel-binding scorpion toxins are divided into the groups α- and β-NaTx. They consist of an α-helix and a β-sheet made of three antiparallel strands that are connected to one another by at least two disulfide bridges. Potassium channel-binding scorpion toxins are divided into the groups α-, β- and γ-KTx.

Examples of scorpion toxins are Agitoxin 1 , Agitoxin 2 , Agitoxin 3 , Altitoxin , Birtoxin , Bestoxin , BoPKTX , toxin BOP1 , toxin BOP2 , Bukatoxin , butane toxin , Dortoxin that Bactridine , chlorotoxin , charybdotoxin a and charybdotoxin b , kappa Hefutoxin 1 and Kappa -Yefutoxin 2 , Iberiotoxin , Kaliotoxin 1 , Kaliotoxin 2 , Kurtoxin , Limbatustoxin , Margatoxin , Maurotoxin , Noxiustoxin , Scyllatoxin , Slotoxin , Tityusoxin and Scorpin .

Scorpio toxins are being investigated for the treatment of genetic defects in ion channels and other diseases that involve ion channels.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ RC Rodríguez de la Vega, LD Possani: Overview of scorpion toxins specific for Na + channels and related peptides: biodiversity, structure-function relationships and evolution. In: Toxicon: official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. Volume 46, Number 8, December 2005, pp. 831-844, doi : 10.1016 / j.toxicon.2005.09.006 , PMID 16274721 .
  2. ↑ a b S. Oyama, P. Pristovsek, L. Franzoni, TA Pertinhez, E. Schininá, C. Lücke, H. Rüterjans, EC Arantes, A. Spisni: Probing the pH-dependent structural features of alpha-KTx12.1 , a potassium channel blocker from the scorpion Tityus serrulatus. In: Protein science: a publication of the Protein Society. Volume 14, number 4, April 2005, pp. 1025-1038, doi : 10.1110 / ps.041131205 , PMID 15772309 , PMC 2253457 (free full text).
  3. ↑ J. Bhavya, NN Francois, VS More, SS More: Scorpion Toxin Polyptides as Therapeutic Agents: An Overview. In: Protein and peptide letters. Volume 23, Number 9, 2016, pp. 848-859, PMID 27397476 .
  4. ↑ Albert Teelken: Neurochemistry. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-1-461-55405-9 , p. 786.
  5. ↑ a b Herve Rochat: Animal Toxins. Birkhäuser, 2013, ISBN 978-3-034-88466-2 , p. 166.
  6. ↑ AI Kuzmenkov, EV Grishin, AA Vassilevski: Diversity of Potassium Channel Ligands: Focus on Scorpion toxin. In: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. Volume 80, number 13, December 2015, pp. 1764-1799, doi : 10.1134 / S0006297915130118 , PMID 26878580 .