Clactonia
As Clactonian ( engl. : Clactonian ) refers to a Paleolithic flint industries , which coincided with the Holstein warm period : and the transition to the following (in England Hoxne Interglacial) Saalian is to be connected. The name was coined by the British archaeologist Hazzledine Warren , who has found tens of thousands of stone tools in gravel pits near Clacton-on-Sea in Essex since 1911 .
distribution
An accumulation of Clactonia sites was initially seen in gravel bodies on both sides of today's English Channel , which did not exist at that time. In Central Germany there were some sites with the gravel pits of Wallendorf (Luppe) , Gröbzig and Wörbzig for which “clactonoid” cutting industries were spoken of.
Characteristic
Main feature of Clactoniens is the dominance of large discounts and unifaziell retouched scrapers, on the other hand the lack of hand axes and other bifaziell revised types and the absence of Levallois -Grundformen. The "anvil technique" postulated for the production of the knockoff - the core is not dismantled with a hammer , but hit on an anvil - is considered a misinterpretation in the history of research. It was derived from the often large, smooth face remnants of the basic shapes, which were provided with several punch eyes. Here, however, there is a gray area to geofacts , which arise from natural chipping of coarse gravel and which can have similar characteristics.
Today the Clactonia is no longer viewed as an independent culture, but merely as a technically relatively primitive facies expression within the Acheuléen . The reason for the final relativization was primarily the much older hand ax finds from the Boxgrove Quarry site in southern England . Nick Ashton had previously drawn attention to the simultaneity of Acheuléen and Clacton basic forms in the Barnham ( Suffolk ) site he excavated .
Individual evidence
- ^ Samuel Hazzledine Warren: The Clactonia Flint Industry: A New Interpretation . In: Proceedings of Geol. Ass. London 62, (1951), pp. 107-135
- ↑ T. Weber, Thomas Litt, D. Schäfer: Newer investigations into the older Palaeolithic in Central Germany . In: Sven Ostritz, Ralph Einicke (eds.): Terra & Prehistoria: Festschrift for Klaus-Dieter Jäger (= contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe 9). Wilkau-Haßlau: Beier and Beran, Archäologische Fachliteratur, 1996; ISBN 3-930036-12-6 ; Pp. 13-39
- ↑ a b c d Nick Ashton, John McNabb, Brian Irving, Simon Lewis, Simon Parfitt: Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, Suffolk. In: Antiquity 68, 1994, pp. 585–589 (pdf; 1.0 MB)
- ^ Rudolf Grahmann: Reductions from Clactonienart in Central Germany. In: Quartär, Volume 1, 1938, pp. 173-177