Copula (music)
Copula , Latin from con - together, and apere / apisci connect. Binder, link, tape, line, grappling hook; also result of joining, joining, association, pair.
Provencal cobla ; french couple ; Italian copula . The term copulatio stands in Latin for the activity of connecting, as well as the means and results of connecting.
In medieval music literature , words of connection, including copula and copulatio , play an important role. Some late medieval authors use copula in the sense of ligature , the connection of notes to a rhythmically fixed sequence of notes .
In the theory of polyphony around 1100, copula and copulatio are used as terms for the formation of a conclusion .
In the theoretical discussion of the art of Notre Dame School is copula of Johannes de Garlandia as a name for a between Discantus and Organum used standing setting way. In the further course of the music history, Lambertus renounces a treatment of the copula and replaces it with the hoquetus . The anonymous St. Emmeram (1279) and the anonymous IV use copula for the irregular presentation of Choralbearbeitung game . Around the year 1280 Franco von Köln also defined copula as related to the chorale arrangement performance , as Velox Discantus , and differentiates between a bound copula ligata and an unbound copula non ligata .
The change in the concept of the copula thus corresponds to the compositional development in the 13th century . Some contradicting statements are primarily due to the different theoretical conceptions of the authors. With the stagnation of the Notre Dame tradition since the early 14th century , interest in copula lecture has rapidly declined. In the Quartum principale of the late 14th century, the coplula is then defined as a frangled scale unit .
literature
- Fritz Reckow: Copula . In: Concise dictionary of musical terminology . Vol. 2, ed. by Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht and Albrecht Riethmüller , editor-in-chief Markus Bandur, Steiner, Stuttgart 1972 ( online ).